3. Its unique behavior, if the resource started to scarce, then the value will be greater because of economic considerations motivated to preserve it.
Assessment of resource economics is a form of comprehensive assessment. In this case, it was not just the market value of goods but also the value of
services ecological values which were generated by natural resources are often not quantified in comprehensive calculation of natural resource.
According to Constanza and Folke 1997 in Adrianto 2006 goals of economic valuation is to ensure the achievement of individual welfare
maximization objectives relating to ecological sustainability and distributive justice. Furthermore, Constanza 2001 in Adrianto 2005 states that to achieve
the three objectives above, the need for ecosystem valuation is based on three main objectives there were efficiency, equity, and sustainability
According to Charles 1993 sustainable fisheries development should adopt the concept of fisheries development with some aspects in it which are
1. Ecological sustainability. In ecological sustainable management, biomass or stock should be noted in case they would not passed the carrying capacity and
increase the capacity and quality of ecosystems would be a major concern 2. Socioeconomic sustainability was fisheries development should pay attention
to sustainability of the population welfare and poverty reduction. In other words, to maintain or achieve a higher welfare
3. Community sustainability was a sustainability framework that concerns on communities welfare, so when it concern on community then they should be
the point of view of sustainable fisheries development 4. Institutional sustainability. Institutional sustainability involves a good
financial and administrative aspects maintenance.
2.8. Coral Reef Function and Value
World strategy of the conservation of coral reefs was identified as one of the major components that are essential as variety of life support which was needed in
food production, health and various aspects of human life and also in sustainable development. Some of the value of the function of coral reefs, among others
which are Dahuri et al 1996
1. Ecological value, coral reefs keep the balance of marine life reciprocal relationship between marine life and abiotic factors
2. Economic value, these resources can be developed as a commodity that has a high economic value
3. Aesthetic value, coral reefs form a beautiful panorama in deep ocean that can be used as a marine tourism
4. Biological value, i.e. as a regulator of oxygen-producing waters and the balance of aquatic ecosystems
5. Educational value, i.e. as education and research objects. Beside that, coral reef has several other important function such as:
1. As fish resources habitat, in this matter, it also known as nursery ground, nesting, feeding place and protection from other marine life biom.
2. As nature seed source for mariculture 3. As feed source and active substance raw materials use full for medical and
pharmacy world 4. As coastal protection from sea wave then made the coast save from abrasion
and degradation.
2.9. Ecosystem Approach for Fisheries Management
Integrated coastal zone management should be implemented as we aware that many activities occurred on coastal area, so it needs to formulated a concept
of spatial plan with wide selection of activities which were matched from one to another. In this context the integration of coastal zone management contains 5
dimensions in the Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management ICOM, namely 1 integration between sectors, 2 spatial coherence, 3 integration of
knowledge-based management, 4 institutional integration, and 5 international integration. Sectoral integration in coastal area needs sectoral task coordination,
authority and responsibility amongst sectors or agencies horizontal integration; and any government levels started from village level, sub district, district,
provincial to central government vertical integration. While science point of view integration requires that coastal areas management should be conducted on
the basis of interdisciplinary science interdisciplinary approaches, which
involves fields of economics, ecology, engineering, sociology, law, and other relevant parties. It’s reasonable to be conducted, as we aware that coastal area
basically consists of complexly and dynamically intertwined social and natural systems.
In management process, there should be conducted an identification and analysis on existed or future management or utilization issues, then develop and
implement policies and action programs to address a growing issue. of integrated and sustainable coastal area management process at least have four major stages:
1 structuring and planning, 2 formulation, 3 implementation, and 4 evaluation Cicin-Sain and Knecht 1998. At the planning stage, a data collection
and analysis was conducted to identify constraints and problems, potential and development opportunities and challenges. Based on this, then management or
utilization goals and targets was set up and policies and strategies and implementation structure selection to achieve those goals.
Development as a change process to improve human life wouldn’t be separated from the activity of natural resources utilization in coastal and marine
areas can cause changes in marine and coastal ecosystems itself. These changes will certainly affect the quality of the environment. When we found a higher
development pace in coastal and marine areas, there would be a higher level of its natural resources utilization. Non-considerable ecological principles utilization
could reduced environment quality and continue to coastal ecosystems damage. Dahuri et al. 1996. Therefore, in sustainable development planning, it should
considered applied ecological principles to reduce the negative consequences for development sustainability.
2.10. Ecosystem-based Management
