Research Objectives and Benefits

2. STUDY LITERATURE

2.1. Coral Reef Coral reef were tropical unique ecosystem. Even it could be found in almost all around the world waters, they only could breed in tropical region. Reef was formed from massive sediments mainly calcium carbonate CaCO 3 which were produced from coral organism, calcareous algae and other calcium carbonate produced organisms. Coral reef were very productive ecosystem with marine life diversity such as: 1 invertebrate diversity: mainly stony coral, crustacea diversity, snails or slug and shells also echinoderms like sea urchins, sea anemones, sea cucumbers, starfish and sea lily; 2 fish diversity: mainly 50 – 70 opportunistic carnivore fish, 15 herbivore fish and omnivore as a rest; 3 reptile like sea snake and sea turtle; 4 algae and seaweed like coraline algae, calcareous green algae and seagrass Bengen 2001. Coral reef were organism society which live in the bottom of waters and formed as calcareous rocks CaCO 3 and it strong enough to block the seawave. Evenwhile, lived dominants organism in the coral were calcareous frame coral animals, and algae which have calcareous algae. Based on above coral reef, it could be defined between coral animals or reef coral as organism individual or a component from a society and coral reef as an ecosystem Sorokin 1993. Coral reef as a bottom sea ecosystem with reef coral as primary inhabitant had a remarkable architecture and it was formed by thousands of tiny species called polip. In a simple way, coral consisted from only one polip in a body near to a tube with a mouth on the upper body and it was surrounded by tentacles. But, mostly on species, one coral polip individual will breed to many individuals called colony Sorokin 1993. Based on their capability in producing the calcareous, the coral could be defined as two major group which were hermatipical coral and ahermatipical coral. Hermatipical coral was coral with its ability in forming a coral building and also known produced the reef and its spread were only found in tropical regions. Ahermatipical coral didn’t produced the reef and its spread were wide across the globe. A distinct difference between this two kinds of coral were in hermatipical coral tissue consisted of symbiosed plants cell live together called zooxanthellae, a kind of unisular algae Dinoflagellata unisular, like Gymnodinium microadriatum , lied on coral animal polip tissues and conduct a photosynthesis. This activity had a side affects which was calcium carbonate sediment with its unique structure and building forms. At the end, this characteristic would be used to determined coral animal type and species. Hermatipical coral had a unique nature as they were a combination between animal and plant nature then their growth were always positive phototeopic nature. This kind of coral naturally lived in shallow seashore waters with sun light penetration touched the bottom of the waters. In coral reef forming process, then Scleractina was the most important ingredients on reef-building corals. Scleractina or stone coral was one of Anthozoa Class, that is Coelenterata Fylum with only one polyp stadium. These Anthozoa Class consisted of two sub-Class, Hexacorallia Zoantharia and Octocorallia . Based on Sumich 1992 and Burke et al 2002, coral species conducted symbiosis mostly with symbiotical algae, using living zooxanthellae in its tissue. In symbiosis, zooxanthellae produced oxygen and organical tissue through photosynthesize that will be used by the coral, then the coral itself will produce in-organical components in a form of nitrate, phosphate and carbon dioxide for the life of zooxanthellae. Ray of the sun hold an important rule for coral reef forming process Nybakken 1986. Ray of the sun will be used for symbiotical algae photosynthesize process zooxanthellae. Ray penetration depth would affect hermapitical coral growth depth. Oxygen needs for plant respiration on a coral reef could be overcome with the presence of symbiotical algae called zooxanthellae . These additional oxygen came from photosynthesize process, in which these kind of process could only be carried out when there was ray of sun. Penetrated light intensity and quality through the ocean were important matters for zooxanthellae photosynthesize process which will determine the vertically stone coral spread. A deeper ocean, a less light intensity Soekarno et al 1993.