Salinity had a big affect on coral reef productivity. Coral reef will live well on 32 – 35
o
salinity, but sometimes there also another coral reef could tolerated the salinity up to 42
o
Nybakken 1993. But Nontji 1987 declared that coral organism tolerant against salinity around 27–40
o
. Vertically coral reef growth was determined by air. Lots of coral will died
caused by open air exposure too long, then it determined that vertically growth will only live not more then low tide. Long dried experience caused by high low-
tide will effect on dead coral Nybakken 1986. Sea water or current wave was needed for the life of coral reef, food and oxygen needs will hinder the coral from
other inundated or polluted substances. On morning, oxygen was captured from photosynthesize results, but on evening, a strong current wave should be prepared
in supplying adequate oxygen for other fish around coral reef. Then, substrate condition had an important rule for coral growth. Hard and
clean substrate were needed as planula larve inherent, as a chance for a new colony.
2.2. Reef fish
Lots of fish species embrace their preferences on certain habitat. Referred to Robertson 1996, reef fish community abundance and structures were
influenced by competition amongst those species interaction. Referred to Choat and Bellwood 1991, reef fish interaction with coral
reef could be named in three shapes, which are: 1. Direct interaction as a sheltersave place from juvenile fish predator
2. Interaction in feeding activity for bottom habitat refill biota consumed fish, covered the interrelationship between reef fish and living biota on coral and
algae. 3. Indirect interaction between coral reef structures and hydrology condition and
also sedimentation with feed plankton fish pattern and carnivore. Reef fish existence around coral reef depend on its coral reef condition.
High covered percentage of living reef will impact the reef fish abundance. On the contrary, when covered percentage was bad, it will impact the fish worst less reef
fish abundance. Adrim 1993 divided reef fish on three groups, then English
et al 1997 divided the groups based on its role, reef fish divided on three groups,
which are: 1. Targeting Fish. Fish as a target for capture or it has its famous name as
important economical fish or consumed fish, like Serranidae, Lutjanidae, Kyphosidae, Lethrinidae, Acanthuridae, Mulidae, Siganidae Labridae
Chelinus, Himigymnus, choerodon and Haemulidae. 2. Indicator Fish. As determined fish for coral reef, caused this fish has its close
relationship with coral reef fertility which are fish from Chaetodontidae kepe- kepe family.
3. Other Fish Major Family. This fish generally has its abundant numbers and use as marine water ornamental fish Pomacentridae, Caesionidae, Scaridae,
Pomacanthidae, Labridae, Apogonidae, etc
Based on active period on feeding, then reef fish could be divided into: 1. Nocturnal Fish night active, for example, fish from Holocentridae Swanggi
family, Apogoninade Beseng family, Hamulidae, Priacanthidae Bigeyes family, Muraenidae Eels, Seranidae Jewfish family and several others from
Mullidae Goat fishes family, then etc.
2. Diurnal fish daylight active, for example fish on Labraidae wrasses family, Chaetodontidae
Butterfly fishes, Pomacentridae Damsel fishes, Scaridae Parrot fishes, Acanthuridae Surgeon fishes, Bleniidae Blennies, Balistidae
Trigger fishes,
Pomaccanthidae Angel
fishes, Monacanthidae
, Ostracionthidae
Box fishes, Etraodontidae, Canthigasteridae family and several others from Mullidae Goat fishes family.
3. Crepuscular fish between bight and daylight active for example for fish on Sphyraenidae
Baracudas, Serranidae Groupers, Carangidae Jacks, Scorpaenidae
Lion fishes, Synodontidae Lizard fishes, Carcharhinidae, Lamnidae
, Spyrnidae Sharks family and several others from Muraenidae. Referred to Bappeda 2005, reef fish type and composition on average coral
reef area in Liwutongkidi Island waters from each station was vary between 8 – 49 type with individual numbers 128 -1972 each for about three meters depth and
for ten meters depth, type numbers was vary between 10 – 65 types with individual numbers between 214 – 1817 each. While on steep or bluff area, there
was around 10 – 25 fish types and 29 – 52 types with individual numbers on each types around 259 – 883 each and 399 – 1076 each.
Revealed biota type on coral reef was very vary, and most potentially to support marine eco-tourism development. Several revealed biota types mostly
such as; crustace lobster and crabs, molusca, shells, teripang, and echinodermata
pig feathers. Revealed reef fish types mostly such as; Pterocaesio digrama
617 individuals, Abodefduf vaigiensis 200 individuals, Pterocaesio
tesselata 148 individuals, Chroronis ambonensis 101 inviduals, Apogon nigrofasciatus
96 individuals, Centropige ravissimus 92 individuals, Chaetodon klenii
92 individuals, Apogon deoderleinii 76 individuals, Centropige nox
63 individuals, and Apogon novemfasciatus 48 individuals
Bappeda 2005. 2.3. Coral Reef Type
Referred to Nyabakken 1986, coral reef could be classified into three general structural type which are:
1. Fringing reefshore reef 2. Barrier reef
3. Atol Among these three structures, commonly found coral reefs in Indonesian
waters were the fringing reef Suharsono 1998. For a brief explanation on those three structures was as the following:
1. Fringing reef has grown along the coast and reached less then 40 m depth. This coral reef has grown upwards or towards the sea. The best growth usually
lied on fairly current section of the sea. While for a less good growth or even dead, when they lived between the coast and the outer edge of reefs, cause by
frequent droughts and lots of sediment flow from the land. 2. Barrier reef usually lied on various distances from the coast and separated
from the coast by a far deep seabed for coral growth 40-70 m. It generally lied extend along the coast and they went round and round and act as a barrier
for immigrants who come from the outside. For example, the great barrier reef that lined adjacent on Australias northeast with a length of 1.350 miles
3. Atoll that encircle a Goba laggon. Goba depth inside the atolls was about 45 m and they never reached up from 100 m depth such as coral reef barrier. For
instance, atolls in the island of Taka Bone Rate in South Sulawesi
2.4. Threats on Coral Reef
