efforts has been also needed and particularly for existed population around coastal area about the importance of natural resources in supporting recent life
and future generation.
2.11. Ecosystem-based Marine and Coastal Management Stages
Coastal region was complex and uniquely characteristic region. This complexity was showed by various user and entity of region manager with owned
interest and point of view against resources utilization and management in coastal region.
Districts in Indonesia each of them owned its coastal region physical characteristic. Beside, each districts owned their point of view in managing
coastal region. Its differences consequences has resulted a different institutional instruments and policy from one coastal region to another. Coastal regional
management model for Indonesian districts, primary caused by the issuance of Law No. 22 Year 1999, never been formally issued yet by national government or
local. As its consequences of decentralization policy issued by Law No. 22 Year
1999, coastal region management was district authority. District coastal region management model was prepared based on coastal region ecosystem characteristic
and the derived to existed institutional instruments in district government. In model preparation, it has been applied coastal management principles as a unique
ecosystem. Developing a model in coastal region required several stages to accomplish a trusted result.
Fauzi and Anna 2008 stated that to develop an model in coastal region needs several stages as follows:
1. Issues identification was developed from questions series, and stand as an important stage to develop a model.
2. Assumptions frame working, this stage was needed to simplify a model into complex reality. That is why, every simplifying efforts need assumption, then
model scope of work were inside the issues corridor which would be solved its solution and answer.
3. Developing construction from model itself could be set up through flow chart or mathematical equations. Model construction could be used with software
computer or analytically effort. 4. Determine a precise analysis. In this stage, finding a proper solution was made
for every question built in identification stage. In modeling analysis, it could be conducted in two way, first, by optimation what should happen, second
by doing some simulation what will happen. 5. Model development was interpretation on accomplished result in analysis
stage. 6. Validation. It was a way to described that a valid model should follow not
only true theoretical principles, but should described an interpretation from gained result closed to appropriate standard measurement such as statistic and
mathematical principles. In above context, coastal region management planning was an important
tool to determine related coastal community activities with utilization pattern and appreciation against marine and coastal resources. Then, Adrianto 2009
developed six stages on integrated coastal management cycle development as follows:
1. First stage. Preparation: Early stage to develop integrated coastal management covered: i preparing program mechanism; ii identify initiator local, a party
which conducted an integrated coastal management; iii preparing work plan for integrated coastal management program development; iv implementing
assessed training for related stakeholder on integrated coastal management; v preparing monitoring and evaluation system; and vi preparing state of the
coasts which would be integrated management object. 2. Second Stage. Initiation. On this stage, there would be five activities, which
are: 1 preparing communication system planning with stakeholder in order to improve stakeholder awareness about the importance of marine and coastal
management; 2 preparing system participative plan and related information management with coastal management initiation; 3 preparing state of the
coast, a documents consist of existed status of coastal region which act as management object; 4 when applicable, preparing Initial Risk Assessment,
IRA which would be most precious to determine a basis for coastal environmental problem solving priority; 5 preparing coastal strategy coastal
management plan. 3. Third stage. Development. In this stage there will consist of several important
stages, as follows: i preparing coastal management strategy implementation plan; ii preparing environmental monitoring plan; iii arranging related
institutional mechanism with management strategy which are improving communication and coordination among institutions; iv designing spatial
mechanism in coastal region; v preparing sustainable funding system design on program implementation; and vi continuing and iomproving public
participation. 4. Fourth Stage. Adoption. It was an adoption activity from Coastal Strategy
Implementation Plan CISP. This adoption process didn’t involved just executive level on government, but legislative institution, cause its final result
of adoption was local regulation or executive decree, legalized by RegentMajor or Governor about coastal strategy implementation plan.
5. Fifth Stage. Implementation. It’s time for implementation on all prepared plan till adoption stage. This would covered implementation from CISP with
established funding system and continuously conducting monitoring process proper with stages on every strategy depicted on coastal strategy
implementation plan. 6. Sixth Stage. Refinement and Consolidation. In this stage, it covered several
major activities such as i arrange a study about accomplishment of strategy implementation result, output and outcome, relatively against management
goals; ii updating process on state of the coast; iii when applicable, refining about coastal management strategy document, including Coastal Strategy
Implementation Plan CISP; iv conducting a study about important matters for next coastal management cycle.
In ecological economics point of view, valuation purposes didn’t related only on individual welfare maximation, but also related to ecological
sustainability and distribution equity Constanza and Folke 1997. Then, Bishop 1997 in Adrianto 2006 stated that when valuation based on individual welfare
only, then it won’t guarantee the accomplishment of equity and ecological goals. In this context, ecological economics valuation could be judged on three purposes
on its valuation, as described in detail on Table 1. Table 1. Ecosystem Valuation according to three main purposes, efficiency, equity
and sustainability
PurposesVal ue Base
Respondent Group
Preferency Base
Assessed Discussion
Level Assessed
Science Input Level
Specific Method
Efficientcy E-value
Homo Economicus
Individual preferency
Low Low
Willingness to pay
Equity F- falue
Homo Communicus
Community preferency
High Medium
Veil of ignorance
Sustainability S-value
Homo Naturalis
Whole system
referency Medium
High Modelling
Source : Constanza and Folk 1997 in Adrianto 2006
From the table, we could noticed that according to ecological economic view, value didn’t viewed only from individual preference maximalization
purpose, as described by neo-classic view E-value, but also other values such as equity 9F-value based on community values, non- individual. In F-value context,
ecosystem value was determined by a consensus or agreement among community members homo communicus Adrianto 2006. Then, it was deliberated by
Rawls 1971 in Adrianto 2006, exact evaluation method for this purpose was veil of ignorance, it said that respondents sent an assessment without seeing
themselves in the community. While S-value purposed to maintained ecosystem sustainability level which focused on human life.
Empirically, ecosystem valuation which based on the last two values F- value and S-value was relatively rarely used. Even though, it didn’t reduced the
spirit of ecological economics in base of the need of more comprehensive ecosystem value format preparation which non-individual preference like existed
standard.
3. METHODOLOGY
