marine ornamental fish, they done it with every kind of way by using special nets even by damaging coral reefs using anesthetic potassium cyanide.
2.7. Coral Reef Economical Value
On recent coral reefs threats, a pressing issue that needs to be done is to value its economic valuation of coral reefs function both as supplier of goods or
services. Economical assessment could be described or derived from fishery value or value as a protective beach that has market value. Where the value can be
derived based on the demand, supply, price and cost Spurgeon 1992 Barton 1994 explains that the economic value of coral reef ecosystems is
the value of all instruments available to them including a source of food and ecological services. The value of all the instruments found on coral reef
ecosystems can be quantified by the total economic valuation methods Total Economic Valuation TEV. Based on neoclassical economic theory such as
consumer surplus and willingness to pay can be approximated value of coral reef ecosystems with sense of no market value non-market value.
According to Fauzi 2004 Economic valuation can be defined as an attempt to provide a quantitative value to goods and services produced by natural
resources and the environment both on market value or non-market value. Economic assessment was a economic tool using a specific valuation technique to
estimate the monetary value of goods and services provided by a natural resource. Economic valuation purpose, among others, used to demonstrate the linkages
between natural resource conservation and economic development, then economic valuation could be an important tools in increasing public awareness and
appreciation of the environment itself. Described by Fauzi 2004 that there were three characteristics owned by its
resources that is 1. Non-renewable resources, can not be renewed when they are extinct. If as an
asset can not be preserved, then they trend to extinct. 2. Eexistence of uncertainties, such as coral reefs damaged or missing. There
should be a potential costs must be purchased if these natural resources tend to extinct.
3. Its unique behavior, if the resource started to scarce, then the value will be greater because of economic considerations motivated to preserve it.
Assessment of resource economics is a form of comprehensive assessment. In this case, it was not just the market value of goods but also the value of
services ecological values which were generated by natural resources are often not quantified in comprehensive calculation of natural resource.
According to Constanza and Folke 1997 in Adrianto 2006 goals of economic valuation is to ensure the achievement of individual welfare
maximization objectives relating to ecological sustainability and distributive justice. Furthermore, Constanza 2001 in Adrianto 2005 states that to achieve
the three objectives above, the need for ecosystem valuation is based on three main objectives there were efficiency, equity, and sustainability
According to Charles 1993 sustainable fisheries development should adopt the concept of fisheries development with some aspects in it which are
1. Ecological sustainability. In ecological sustainable management, biomass or stock should be noted in case they would not passed the carrying capacity and
increase the capacity and quality of ecosystems would be a major concern 2. Socioeconomic sustainability was fisheries development should pay attention
to sustainability of the population welfare and poverty reduction. In other words, to maintain or achieve a higher welfare
3. Community sustainability was a sustainability framework that concerns on communities welfare, so when it concern on community then they should be
the point of view of sustainable fisheries development 4. Institutional sustainability. Institutional sustainability involves a good
financial and administrative aspects maintenance.
2.8. Coral Reef Function and Value
World strategy of the conservation of coral reefs was identified as one of the major components that are essential as variety of life support which was needed in
food production, health and various aspects of human life and also in sustainable development. Some of the value of the function of coral reefs, among others
which are Dahuri et al 1996
1. Ecological value, coral reefs keep the balance of marine life reciprocal relationship between marine life and abiotic factors
2. Economic value, these resources can be developed as a commodity that has a high economic value
3. Aesthetic value, coral reefs form a beautiful panorama in deep ocean that can be used as a marine tourism
4. Biological value, i.e. as a regulator of oxygen-producing waters and the balance of aquatic ecosystems
5. Educational value, i.e. as education and research objects. Beside that, coral reef has several other important function such as:
1. As fish resources habitat, in this matter, it also known as nursery ground, nesting, feeding place and protection from other marine life biom.
2. As nature seed source for mariculture 3. As feed source and active substance raw materials use full for medical and
pharmacy world 4. As coastal protection from sea wave then made the coast save from abrasion
and degradation.
2.9. Ecosystem Approach for Fisheries Management
Integrated coastal zone management should be implemented as we aware that many activities occurred on coastal area, so it needs to formulated a concept
of spatial plan with wide selection of activities which were matched from one to another. In this context the integration of coastal zone management contains 5
dimensions in the Integrated Coastal and Ocean Management ICOM, namely 1 integration between sectors, 2 spatial coherence, 3 integration of
knowledge-based management, 4 institutional integration, and 5 international integration. Sectoral integration in coastal area needs sectoral task coordination,
authority and responsibility amongst sectors or agencies horizontal integration; and any government levels started from village level, sub district, district,
provincial to central government vertical integration. While science point of view integration requires that coastal areas management should be conducted on
the basis of interdisciplinary science interdisciplinary approaches, which
