4.5. Socio-Economic Condition 4.5.1. Accessibility
Although, there is a lack of transportation infrastructure directed to Liwutongkidi Island considering the island is uninhabited and used as tourist
attractions, but the accessibility to this island pertained to be easy through the islands nearby Kadatua, Siompu or Kadatua island. Liwutongkidi Island can be
reached about 20 to 30 minutes by motorboat from Kadatua, Siompu, as well as from the town of Bau-Bau. Distance from these villages to the capital district can
be seen in Table 8. Table 8. Distance from villages to the sub-district and district capital city
No Village
Sub-District Km
District Km Wide Km
2
1. Kapoa
5 57
2.51 2.
Waonu 1.5
56 1.76
3. Tongali
11 13
2.50
Source : Kadatua, Siompu Sub-District in Numbers 2009
4.5.2. Population
The number of inhabitants in Kapoa, Waonu and Tongali until the year 2008, respectively 1087, 834 and 1831 inhabitants. From these three villages, the
Tongali Village has the highest population with population density of 732 peoplekm
2
which means that each km
2
inhabited by 732 people and distribution about 18.60. and for the rural population density of Waonu Village is 474
peoplekm
2
with distribution about 8.70 and Kapoa Village density 433 people km
2
and distribution about 11.33. More details can be seen in Table 9. Table 9. Number, density and distribution of Inhabitant
No Village Number of
Inhabitant Density peoplekm2
Distribution 1.
Kapoa 1087
433 11.33
2. Waonu
834 474
8.70 3.
Tongali 1831
732 18.60
Source : Sub-District of Siompu and Kadatua in Numbers 2008
The people in these three villages are entirely Moslem. The main livelihood is fishing activity that doing daily. The total population based on the
number of head of households HH, household H and fisheries households FH specifically to study the location of these three villages whereas the data specified
in Table 10. Table 10.Number of inhabitant, head of household HH, and Fisheries Household
FH No
Village HH
H Number of
Inhabitant Number
Number 1.
Kapoa 278
25.58 36
4.32 1087
2. Waonu
241 28.90
35 3.22
834 3.
Tongali 370
20.21 54
3.00 1831
Jumlah
Source : Sub-District of Siompu and Kadatua in Numbers 2008
4.5.3. Respondent Characteristics
Based on several considerations and reasons, the respondents that become the research object for socioeconomic data was performed in three villages of 2
two districts, Number of fishermen in Kapoa Village, Waonu Village and Tongali Village are 500 fishermen and this research was involved 50 respondents
in each village. All the selected villages are coastal villages including the villages of COREMAP II Program and the villages outside the COREMAP II Program.
All respondents were male, and almost all of them are fishermen of productive age, over 26 years old, and already married, with family members from
2 to 9 people. The vast majority of fishermen education was elementary school without side jobs. In general, they are a Buton ethnic and inhabit these area over
generations since they were born.
4.5.3.1. Age of Respondent
In this study, the respondents age that taken as a samples were varied from 25 year old to more than 50 years. Based on the survey results conducted from
Kapoa Village, Waonu Village and Tongali Village, it can be classified by age range that can be seen in Table 11 .
Table 11. Classification of respondent age according to village No Village
Age years old Number
people Percentage
1 Kapoa
25 - 30 6
12.00 31 - 35
8 16.00
36 - 40 7
14.00 41 - 45
8 16.00
46 - 50 8
16.00 51
13 26.00
Total 50
100
2 Waonu
25 - 30 4
8.00 31 - 35
3 6.00
35 - 40 8
16.00 41 - 45
14 28.00
46 - 50 8
16.00 51
13 26.00
Total 50
100
3 Tongali
25 - 30 8
16.00 31 - 35
2 4.00
36 - 40 19
38.00 41 - 45
7 14.00
46 - 50 9
18.00 51
5 10.00
Total 50
100
4. Total of Village
25 - 30 18
12.00 31 - 35
13 8.67
36 - 40 34
22.67 41 - 45
29 19.33
46 - 50 25
16.67 51
31 20.67
Average Total 150
100
Source : Primary data calculation 2010
4.5.3.2. Respondent Educational Level
The educational level of the three villages are relatively low. Most of the respondents only graduated from elementary school SD. Number of respondents
by educational level have the highest percentage at elementary education level that is equal to 60.00 or 90 people and the lowest percentage is high school
education level high school that is 21 people or 14:00, while for junior secondary school level SMP, the percentage is 26.00 or 39 people Table 12.
The low level of education, other than due to the low community awareness parents about education also due to the limited educational facilities in Siompu
and Kadatua, mainly in junior and high school education facilities.
Table 12. Classification of respondent education level No
Village Level of education
Total SD
SMP SMA
1. Kapoa
40 8
2 50
2. Waonu
36 8
6 50
3. Tongali
14 23
13 50
Jumlah 90
39 21
150 Procentage
60 26
14 100
Source: Primary data calculation 2010
4.5.3.3. . Respondents Livelihoods
From the survey conducted in these location, the respondents livelihood are mainly fishermen, with low level education elementary, and without side
jobs. The fishing gear that they used is adjusted according to the seasons west or east monsoon. This habit has been done since the days of their forefathers and
bequested over generations. Considering that they are a Buton tribe who lived in the village since birth.
4.5.3.4. Number of families
Families in Siompu, Waonu and Tongali is a type of secondary family, which generally consists of husband and wife with their children and other
relatives such as nephews, grandparents and grandchildren. Family allowances are become responsibility of the head of the family. From the survey results in the
three villages, most of respondents have family members that varied from one to nine people. Data on the number of families can be seen in Table 13.
Tabel 13. Respondent classification based on number of families
No Number of
families Village
Percentage Kapoa
Waonu Tongali
Kapoa Waonu
Tongali 1
2 5
3 -
10.00 6.00
- 2
3 4
6 2
8.00 12.00
4.00 3
4 13
7 15
26.00 14.00
30.00 3
5 13
13 20
26.00 26.00
40.00 4
6 9
12 8
18.00 24.00
16.00 5
7 2
7 5
4.00 14.00
10.00 6
8 2
2 -
4.00 4.00
- 7
9 2
- 4.00
- -
Total 50
50 50
100.00 100.00
100.00
Source : Primary data calculation 2010
5. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1. Condition of Coral Reef Ecosystem
Research activities of coral reef ecosystem that were carried out around Siompu Island, Kadatua Island, and Liwutongkidi Island in the utilization of reef
fisheries resources, were done in 20 locations of observation stations. Each station was spread across multiple locations which is close to residential location and far
away from residential areas in between 3-10 meters. From 20 observation stations was divided into five stations in Siompu Island, five stations in Kadatua Island,
and 10 stations on Liwutongkidi Island with each station coordinates can be seen in Appendix 1.
Based on observation of basic substrate coverage at each station, visually it had a different types of coral reefs around the three islands. Type of coral in
waters around Siompu Island, Liwutongkidi Island and Kadatua Island was the type of fringing reef, with coral lifeform of massive coral, branching coral,
encrusting coral, and foliaceous. Observation studies include basic substrate, the reef fishes abundancy and socio-economic indicators.
5.2. Condition of Basic Substrate Coverage
Observation on coverage of the basic substrate of coral reef ecosystems that made directly in the three study sites was indicated the type of coral reefs in
the reef flats of Siompu Island, Liwutongkidi Island and Kadatua Island that categorized as fringing reef. Fringing reef is coral reefs that lived and thrived in
coastal area parallel to the coastline, this kind of reef is mostly found at a depth of less than 40 meters Nybaken 1992. The observations was made by using Line
Intercept Transect LIT method. It can be drawn that the coral reefs in Siompu, Kadatua and Liwutongkidi water were varied. Moreover, it can be said that at a
depth between 3-10 meters, coral reefs at all stations were categorized from damaged into a good condition.
1. Siompu Island The research of basic substrate coverage was done at 5 stations in
Siompu Island with a depth between 3-10 meters. Based on observations on coral reef basic substrate from station 1 to station 5, live coral cover was between
0.67 and 71.00. Largest live coral cover was at stations 4 with percentage of 71.00 and the smallest percentage of live coral cover was at station 5 as big as
0.67. In details, it can be seen in Table 14. Table 14. The percentage of live coral cover hard corals, soft corals and other
biota in Siompu Island Station
Hard Corals Soft Corals
Percentage of Coverage
Condition Category
1 41.99
2.00 43.99
Fair 2
29.17 3.83
33.00 Fair
3 18.68
7.50 26.18
Fair 4
67.66 3.34
71.00 Good
5 0.67
0.00 0.67
Poor Source : Primary data analysis 2010
Station 1 was located at coordinates of 05º3801S and 122º3013E and there was found the percentage of live coral cover as big as 43.99, consisting of
Acropora 0.66, non-Acropora 41.33, and soft coral 2.00. Other category with high coverage at transect location were dead coral and sand respectively
18.17 and 18.50. Dead coral was 18.17 in line with rubble coverage 16.67 Figure 10. Visually, average of coral cover percentage condition at station 1
based on lifeform considered to be in fair condition according to Gomez and Alcala 1978, Gomez and Yap 1988 with a range of average coverage between
25 - 49.9. At station 1 percent live coral cover is in fair condition but it has a fairly large variety of lifeform which is encrusting coral, branching coral,
heliopora coral, massive coral, submassive coral Appendix 2. Reefs category by lifeform.
Analysis on coral mortality index at station 1 had a value of 0.45, therefore coral reef had a low mortality ratio or high levels of health. Moreover,
Fachrul 2007 stated that if coral mortality index reaches 0 then coral mortality ratio is small or have a high level of reef health and if it reaches 1 then it have a
low level of reef health or high coral mortality ratio.
