3. Atoll that encircle a Goba laggon. Goba depth inside the atolls was about 45 m and they never reached up from 100 m depth such as coral reef barrier. For
instance, atolls in the island of Taka Bone Rate in South Sulawesi
2.4. Threats on Coral Reef
Many marine resources utilization efforts have been conducted, but there were still many deviated utilization efforts from the applicable provisions
occurred. Marine resources utilization deviation would emerge some problems on existing natural resources preservation. Many occurred problems in coastal waters
caused by various human activities, including utilization of coral reef ecosystems as food source, building materials source, ornamental fish trade commodity which
sometime destroyed the ecosystem itself caused by the use of explosives, cyanide and cyanide tablets in capturing them.
Coastal resource management issues, namely on coral reef ecosystems caused by 1 lack of public awareness about the value of these coastal resources
that tend to less environmentally friendly exploitation 2 marine protection and preservation can only be effectively implemented if supported by an adequate
legal frameworks, 3 too many involved parties in coastal resources management, 4 numbers and diversity of community interests in coastal areas were high, 5
typical coral deduction for sold as a decoration on the aquarium, 6 greed
2.5. Conservation Areas
Conservation in the sense of term means the sustainable use of natural resources. Conservation can also be viewed in terms of economic and ecological
conservation as where the economy is trying to allocate resources for the present, while in terms of ecology, conservation means the allocation of natural resources
for present and future. Conservation was not the only way in maintaining the resources and
sustaining the presence of germplasm, but marine conservation areas can also play an important role in the management of fisheries and tourism. There would be
available also for any effort in preparing infrastructure for utilization development, education, tourism and research.
Conservation area requires a process of planning and management stages in a conservation area management framework. A natural resource management
must be referring to conservation strategies, which are: 1. Protect against life support system, by ensuring ecological processes
maintenance for the survival life of biota and ecosystems 2. Preserving diversity of germplasm resources which means must guarantee the
preservation of germplasmgenetic resources and ecosystems for the benefit of mankind
3. Preservation in the utilization both types and ecosystem by controlling the means of utilization in expectation they would be conducted in an optimal
and sustainable way. In an effort of future marine resources rescue and conservation, we should
prepare a management system tailored with the needs and national interests by regarding to the categories which has been introduced by the IUCN International
Union for Nature and Natural Resources Conservation. Then, Salm and Clark 2000 suggested six categories on conservation areas management which can be
developed. Those categories are 1. Category I is the Nature Reserve Area which was defined for the management
of wildlife Category Ib while the Nature Preserve for the benefit of science included into a Category Ia.
2. Category II is a National Park which was defined as a protected area mainly managed for ecosystem protection or recreation
3. Category III was Natural Monument, which was defined as a protected area mainly managed for protecting areas with special natural conditions
4. Category IV was Habitat Management Area, which was defined as a particular type as a protected area mainly managed for ecosystem protection
or recreation 5. Category V was Protection of Terrestrial and Aquatic Landscapes, which was
defined as the management of protected areas mainly for conservation and tourism.
6. Category VI was Resource Protected Areas Management which was mainly protected for the use of natural resources in a sustainable way.
Marine conservation zone was a guarded and protected areas for its conserve life. This region is expressly prohibited for exploitation and exploration
as well as a buffer zone. Zone management in the conservation area is based on the extent of the various areas of resource utilization.
Marine conservation areas are often regarded as an area designated for biodiversity conservation. However, marine protected areas can also play an
important role in the management of fisheries and tourism Activities within each zone is determined by the purpose of conservation
area as defined in management plan Bengen 2001. In general, zones in a conservation area can be grouped into 3 three zone, which are:
1. Core zone was a zone that has a high conservation value, also highly vulnerable to disruption or change and can only tolerate a small scale of
human activity. This zone should be managed with a high level of protection, and no exploitation activities allowed.
2. Buffer zone is an open zone, but controlled by restricted permitted form of utilization. Buffer protection zones around conservation areas intended to
maintain the utilization of a variety of activities that can interfere, and protect conservation areas from external influences
3. Utilization Zone is a zone that still has some conservation value, but can tolerate various types of utilization by humans, and worthy enough for
permitted variety activities of exploitation in a marine and coastal conservation area.
Identification and selection of potential sites for protected areas in coastal and marine demanding the application of the criteria. The application of these
criteria are very helpful and identifying and objectively selecting protection sites.
2.6. Coral Reef Utilization
