involves fields of economics, ecology, engineering, sociology, law, and other relevant parties. It’s reasonable to be conducted, as we aware that coastal area
basically consists of complexly and dynamically intertwined social and natural systems.
In management process, there should be conducted an identification and analysis on existed or future management or utilization issues, then develop and
implement policies and action programs to address a growing issue. of integrated and sustainable coastal area management process at least have four major stages:
1 structuring and planning, 2 formulation, 3 implementation, and 4 evaluation Cicin-Sain and Knecht 1998. At the planning stage, a data collection
and analysis was conducted to identify constraints and problems, potential and development opportunities and challenges. Based on this, then management or
utilization goals and targets was set up and policies and strategies and implementation structure selection to achieve those goals.
Development as a change process to improve human life wouldn’t be separated from the activity of natural resources utilization in coastal and marine
areas can cause changes in marine and coastal ecosystems itself. These changes will certainly affect the quality of the environment. When we found a higher
development pace in coastal and marine areas, there would be a higher level of its natural resources utilization. Non-considerable ecological principles utilization
could reduced environment quality and continue to coastal ecosystems damage. Dahuri et al. 1996. Therefore, in sustainable development planning, it should
considered applied ecological principles to reduce the negative consequences for development sustainability.
2.10. Ecosystem-based Management
Ecosystem-based management is a concept of modern natural resource management. Cornett 1994 defines the ecosystem-based fisheries management
in the biophysical and social paradigm as an indicator to be considered from point of view in beauty, health and life in a sustainable ecosystem. Coral reefs could be
seen from its productivity, diversity of biota and aesthetic has a huge potential resource. These resources can be utilized for the greatest public welfare by taking
into account on its sustainability and conservation. Optimal utilization efforts
should attempted in order to maintain and support its sustainable development and be a source of income for the community
For attempt to achieve sustainable and integrated coastal resources management, then there should be formulated a strategic plan, which integrated
every interests in proportionality amongst ecological dimension, social, inter- sectoral, science and stakeholders. In order to make this natural resources potency
could be utilized in sustainable way, and then it should be needed an environmental considered utilization efforts in mean that it gained an economical
optimum benefit but it still considered its carrying capacity and environment sustainability. In term of management, it wouldn’t be just utilized but also
maintained and preserved. Ecosystem-based management in a certain region should be legallized in a
major law which could protect the environment, and sustaining ecosystem for its lasting biodiversity and could be sustainably utilized
Based on fisheries ecosystem management which was developed by UNEP 2006 with management approach in Ecosystem Based Management
EBM, for its development should considered relevant matters with ecological, social and economical condition, which are:
1. Integration on ecological condition, socio-economical and management goals should involved community as an important component in ecosystem
2. Management determination should considered political and ecological condition.
3. Adaptive management should be run down to face uncertainty and changes condition as a result of natural process and social system.
4. Determine to comprehend a good process on how ecosystem would responded against environmental disturbances.
5. Sustainability of marine and coastal ecosystem management. Therefore, in order to accomplished sustainable utilization to fulfill
human needs against natural resources and environmental services on marine and coastal region, then an integrated ecosystem-based natural resources management
with focused on community would be needed by considering on two policy aspects, economical and ecological aspects. It also known as integrated
community-based coastal resources management Zamani and Darmawan 2000. Beside, public awareness improvement and public comprehension in general
efforts has been also needed and particularly for existed population around coastal area about the importance of natural resources in supporting recent life
and future generation.
2.11. Ecosystem-based Marine and Coastal Management Stages
