Respondent Characteristics Socio-Economic Condition 1. Accessibility

1. Siompu Island The research of basic substrate coverage was done at 5 stations in Siompu Island with a depth between 3-10 meters. Based on observations on coral reef basic substrate from station 1 to station 5, live coral cover was between 0.67 and 71.00. Largest live coral cover was at stations 4 with percentage of 71.00 and the smallest percentage of live coral cover was at station 5 as big as 0.67. In details, it can be seen in Table 14. Table 14. The percentage of live coral cover hard corals, soft corals and other biota in Siompu Island Station Hard Corals Soft Corals Percentage of Coverage Condition Category 1 41.99 2.00 43.99 Fair 2 29.17 3.83 33.00 Fair 3 18.68 7.50 26.18 Fair 4 67.66 3.34 71.00 Good 5 0.67 0.00 0.67 Poor Source : Primary data analysis 2010 Station 1 was located at coordinates of 05º3801S and 122º3013E and there was found the percentage of live coral cover as big as 43.99, consisting of Acropora 0.66, non-Acropora 41.33, and soft coral 2.00. Other category with high coverage at transect location were dead coral and sand respectively 18.17 and 18.50. Dead coral was 18.17 in line with rubble coverage 16.67 Figure 10. Visually, average of coral cover percentage condition at station 1 based on lifeform considered to be in fair condition according to Gomez and Alcala 1978, Gomez and Yap 1988 with a range of average coverage between 25 - 49.9. At station 1 percent live coral cover is in fair condition but it has a fairly large variety of lifeform which is encrusting coral, branching coral, heliopora coral, massive coral, submassive coral Appendix 2. Reefs category by lifeform. Analysis on coral mortality index at station 1 had a value of 0.45, therefore coral reef had a low mortality ratio or high levels of health. Moreover, Fachrul 2007 stated that if coral mortality index reaches 0 then coral mortality ratio is small or have a high level of reef health and if it reaches 1 then it have a low level of reef health or high coral mortality ratio. Figure 10. Percent coverage for each category of biota and substrate in Siompu Island Station 2 was located at coordinates of 05º3902S and 122º2940E. From the result analysis on substrate cover percentage was found that live coral cover was 33.00, consisting of Acropora 1.67, non-Acropora 27.5, and soft corals 3.83 . Therefore, the conditions of live coral cover at station 2 was categorized as fair condition. Decrease in live coral cover at station 2 was caused by high coral rubble 35.67 and dead coral 25.17. Physical damage of basic habitat resulted in decreased of coral reef quality, it seen in mortality index 0.65 that approaches the value of 1 then it can be said that condition of coral mortality ratio at station 2 have a high level of mortality ratio or low level of coral health. Based on observation of basic substrate coverage at station 3 that located in coordinates of 05º3719S and 122º3050E were found dead coral 55.32, Acropora 1.34, Non-Acropora 17.34, soft coral 7.50, other biota 5.50, sand 10.83 and rubble 2.17. While the live coral cover was 26.18 that considered to be in fair condition. Physical damage of basic substrate can resulted in the decreased of coral reef ecosystem quality. This can be seen in percentage of coral mortality index 0.69 that approached the value of 1. Therefore, the ratio of coral mortality was high or level of coral health was low. Observation of coral cover at station 4 was located in coordinates of 05º3739S and 122º3140E. Based on results analysis, the percentage of live coral cover was in good condition with the percentage of 71.00 that consisted of Acropora 60, Non-Acropora 7.66 and soft coral 3.34. The percentage of other substrate was 29 consisted of dead coral and dead coral with algae 4.67, rubble 10.00 and sand 14.33 with mortality index 0.17. Station 5 at the coordinates of 05º3740S and 122º3242E was found coral cover of non Acropora massive as big as 0.67 and sand 99.33. This area is a sandy area that there is no hard substrate for planula settlement. 2. Liwutongkidi Island Observation of basic substrate coverage around Liwutongkidi Island that carried on 10 stations with a depth of 3-10 meters, had a percentage of live coral cover from station 1 to station 10 ranged from 11.67 to 72.50. The high percentage was found at station 3 with 72.50 and the lowest percentage was found at station 1 about 11.67. The percentage of live coral cover at station 2, station 4, station 5, station 6, station 7, station 8, satasiun 9 and station 10 respectively were 54.62, 48.83, 72.00, 56.00, 43.00, 63.83, 44.17 and 57.66, consisted of Acropora, non-Acropora and soft corals Table 15. The growth of coral reef in the waters of Liwutongkidi Island with the percentage of basic substrate coverage can be explained as follows: rubble was found the highest at Station 1 for 75.83 and the lowest was at Station 5 for 0.00. Table 15. The percentage of live coral cover on the island Liwutongkidi Station Hard Coral Soft Coral Cover Percentage Condition Category 1 10.34 1.33 11.67 Poor 2 54.12 0.50 54.62 Good 3 72.50 0.00 72.50 Good 4 48.83 0.00 48.83 Fair 5 56.17 14.50 70.67 Good 6 50.67 0.00 50.67 Good 7 43.00 0.00 43.00 Fair 8 63.83 0.00 63.83 Good 9 44.17 0.00 44.17 Fair 10 56.66 0.00 56.66 Good The highest substrate coverage condition of Acropora was at station 8 as big as 55.33 and the lowest was at station 1 as big as 0.67, consisting of Acropora branching at all stations from station 1 to station 10 with its percentage in a row was 0.67, 10:30, 36.83, 2.50 , 12.00, 3.83., 7.00, 48.00, 21.83, 22.33 Coral submassive only found at station 7 with percentage of 4.17, coral digitate at station 2 0.83, station 4 1.00 and station 5 5.00 while the tabulate coral was found at station 4 1.67, station 5 8.33, station 7 7.83 and station 8 7.33 Figure 11. Figure 11. Percent of coverage for each basic substrate category in Liwutongkidi Island The percentage of basic substrate category of Non-Acropora from station 1 to station 10 in a row were 9.67, 42.99, 35.67, 43.66, 30.84, 46.84, 24.00, 8.50, 22.34, and 34.33. The highest percentage of live coral in the waters of Liwutongkidi was at station 3 as big as 72.50 and the lowest live coral cover was found at Station 1 as big as 11.67. Hard corals at Station 1 had the lowest percentage of coverage because there were a lot of rubble as big as 75.83 and dead coral that has not been overgrown with algae. Coral rubble that found in station 1 of Liwutongkidi Island water was damaged by fish bombing and trap net. Rate of reef health at station 1 was considered low or in other words mortality ratio was high, with mortality index approaches 1 which is 0.88. Gomez and Yap 1988 explained that the high coverage of hard coral indicates a healthy coral followed by coral species diversity. Hard corals that found at station 1-10 were consisted of Acropora branching, Acropora tabulate, Acropora submassive, Acropora digitate, Coral branching, Coral encrusting, Coral foliose, Coral massive, Coral mushrom and Coral millepora. Generally, it can be seen that the reefs and biota at station 2, station 3, station 5, station 6, station 8, station 11 were categorized in good condition and station that categorized in fair condition were station 4, station 7 and station 9 Appendix 2. 3. Kadatua Island Research of basic substrate coverage was done at 5 observation station in Kadatua Island with a depth between 3-10 meters. Based on observation, the highest live coral cover percentage was at station 3 as big as 47.86 and the smallest live coral cover was at station 2 as big as 13.01. The composition of the basic substrate coverage in Kadatua Island water is an area with low living coral cover to moderate Table 16. Table 16. The percentage of live coral cover in Kadatua Island Station Hard Coral Soft Coral Percent Cover Condition Category 1 36.66 1.33 37.99 Fair 2 13.01 0.00 13.01 Poor 3 43.53 4.33 47.86 Fair 4 36.82 0.00 36.82 Fair 5 29.34 1.67 31.01 Fair The percentage of live coral cover at station 1 was 37.99, consisted of branching Acropora ACB 21:33, Acropora digitake ACD 1.83, coral branching CD 1.17, coral encrusting CE 8.00, coral foliose CF 2.00, coral massive CM 2.33 and soft coral SC 1.33 other lifeform categories dead coral DC and dead coral with algae DCA 37.67. other biota 6.67, sand S 14:00 and rubble R 3.67.