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c. Social culture
Newmark 1988: 98-99 also proposes that social culture category refers to words that indicate particular work and leisure activity or product of cultures,
e.g., ‘ajaki amah’, ‘condotttere’, ‘biwa’, ‘sithar’, ‘raga’, ‘reggae’, ‘rock.’ Examples given by Newmark 1988: 95 show that local music terms, music
instruments, and music genre e.g., sithar and biwa—Indian traditional string instrument, raga—Indian melodic mode, reggae—Jamaican music genre also
belong to this category. In Darmanto Yatman’s Melintasi Atlantik, there are some examples of culture-specific term which belong to social culture category; i.e.,
megatruh, bapak pocung, and dandanggula, which are Javanese traditional songs.
d. Organisations, ideas, and customs
Based on Newmark 1988: 99-102, organisations, ideas, and customs terms come from political, social, legal, historical, religious, and artistic terms.
Names of several parliaments are not readily translatable, e.g., Storting Norway, Sejm Poland, Riksdag Sweden, Eduskunta Finland. Organisations’ names
also need a study to translate, whether they need appropriate functional or descriptive terms to explain. Those also include historical institute terms and
international terms, e.g., FAO, UNESCO, and UNICEF. Religious terms, mostly Christianity, provide words which needs translation, e.g., Pharisees. Name of
buildings, museums, theatres, opera houses, are likely to be translated, since they form part of street plans and addresses. Words like Sekolah Rakyat as a historical
institute term in Indonesia is an example of it, which is found in Taufiq Ismail’s Trem Berklenengan di Kota San Fransisco.
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e. Gestures and habits
Based on Newmark 1988: 102, “for ‘gestures and habits’ there is a distinction between description and function which can be made where necessary
in ambiguous case.” Some gestures and habits exist and are practiced among people in particular culture, however, the same gestures and habits do not exist in
other cultures, e.g., ‘cock a snook’, ‘spitting.’ Ongkang-ongkang is a local Javanese gesture which belongs to this category, which can be found in
Surachman R.M.’s Hari Tua Mister Gilbert.
3. Translation Procedures
Translation procedures
are important matters for translators.
Suryawinata and Haryanto 2003: 67 define it as the way to translate words, phrases, clauses, or even the whole sentence if the translated part cannot be
separated into smaller units to be translated. Furthermore, Krings 1986: 18 defines it as translators potentially conscious plans for solving concrete
translation problems in the framework of a concrete translation task, and Loescher 1991: 8 defines translation procedure as a potentially conscious
procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it. Translation procedures employ consciousness to help translating problematic text;
translator’s consciousness makes it difference from any non-strategic procedures of translation. Newmark 1988: 81 differentiates translation procedures to
translation methods. He states that “translation methods relate to whole texts,” while translation procedures “are used for sentences and the smaller units of
language” 1998: 81. It can be concluded that translation procedures deal with
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