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j. Descriptive equivalence
Descriptive equivalence gives description to find an equivalence of SL words to TL and sometimes combines it with function, e.g. Machete, the
description is a ‘Latin America broad, heavy instrument’, the function is ‘cutting or aggression’; Samurai is described as ‘the Japanese aristocracy from the
eleventh to the nineteenth century’ which function is ‘to provide officers and administrators’ Newmark, 1988: 83-84.
k. Synonymy
Synonymy is used in the sense of a near TL equivalent of an SL word in a context, where there is no clear one-to-one equivalent, and the word is not
important enough for the componential analysis in the text Newmark, 1988: 84. Examples of this procedure are adjectives and adverbs of quality, e.g. orang kikuk
in Bahasa Indonesia is translated into an awkward man, personne gentile in French into a kind man.
l. Reduction and Expansion
Although both reduction and expansion are rather imprecise translation procedures, they are “practiced intuitively in some case and ad hoc in others”
Newmark, 1988: 90. Both procedures are used for SL text which is impossible to be literally translated into TL. An example of reduction is the translation of SL
adjective of substance plus general noun, e.g., atleimes inflammatoires et infectieuses in French is translated into “inflammation and infection” in English;
while in expansion, usually adjective, adverb plus past participle, or present
36 participle plus object is added to translate SL text, e.g., cheveux igaux, a French
ST, is translated into “evenly cut hair” in English.
m. Couplets
Couplets as well as triplets combine two or three of the above-mentioned procedures respectively for dealing with a single problem Newmark, 1988: 91.
Newmark 1988 exclaims that this combination of procedures is common for cultural words. The most common example of a couplet is a combination of
transference with a functional or a cultural equivalence. An example of it is the translation of insitutional terms, i.e., the translation of the UN United Nations in
English into PBB Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa in Bahasa Indonesia.
n. Notes, addition, glosses
Newmark 1988: 91 suggests that translators are allowed to put ‘notes’ or supply additional information in a translation. The additional information that
can be added into the translators’ version is normally cultural accounting for difference between SL and TL culture, technical related to the topic, and
linguistic explaining the use of word. He also suggests that additional information in the translation may take various forms, which are described as
follows: 1
Within the text a As an alternative to the translated word: e.g., la gabelle becomes ‘the
gabelle or salt-tax’
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