56 mudah digoreng, p.492. In Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings’ A Comprehensive
Indonesian-English Dictionary, kerupuk is defined as a “generic term for all kinds of chips made from starch base and ground shrimps, fish, or other ingredients” as
“they come dried and are fried before eaten” p. 493. Based on the context in Ismail’s Trem Berklenengan di Kota San Fransisco, an overview can be taken
explaining that kerupuk refers to dried, fried chips made of flour dough with potatoes. Henceforth, kerupuk carries cultural element that makes it a material
culture-specific terms.
b. “Bagai geteknya Joko Tingkir” Yatman’s Melintasi Atlantik, p. 132
Getek is a traditional kind of water transportation in Indonesia. It is made of bamboos which are arranged and tied up together as a flat-formed raft.
According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, the term getek is a Jakarta Malay word for a raft originally “rakit”, p. 317. Similarly, Stevens and Schmidgall-
Tellings in A Comprehensive Indonesian-English Dictionary define getek as a “raft” p. 322. Based on the ST, the word getek literally refers to a water
transportation used by Joko Tingkir, a fictional character in Javanese legend, to sail down a river. Therefore, the word getek belongs to material culture-specific
terms
c. “Kopiahnya bertengger di atas kepala” Suryadi’s Central Park, p. 164
The term kopiah in Bahasa Indonesia refers to a hat which is also called ‘peci’; this hat is usually worn by men in a formal ceremony regardless of the fact
that it becomes an identity of Muslim men. This term belongs to clothes sub- category. According to Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, kopiah is a hat which is
57 usually worn by Muslim men when practicing their prayer originally written as
“topi biasa dipakai orang Islam waktu salat,” p. 525. In Stevens and Schmidgall- Tellings’, kopiah is defined as a “cap, headdress worn by Muslim men and as a
symbol of nationalism, an untasseled fez” p. 519. In Suryadi’s Central Park, the word kopiah refers to the hat worn by a
bishop; that hat physically looks like the headdress worn by Muslim men. Nevertheless, the word kopiah still belongs to the category of material culture;
since it still refers to national clothes, specifically a nationally acclaimed headdress. This fact marks kopiah as one of Indonesian national identities.
The findings of material culture terms are illustrated in Table 4.2 below.
Table 4.2. The Material Culture Category of Culture-Specific Terms
Terms Sub-category
Poems Examples
Kerupuk Food
Trem Berklenengan di Kota San
Fransisco Taufiq Ismail
Amerika mengeluarkan
bunyi
kerupuk kentang kering
Getek Transport
Melintasi Atlantik
Darmanto Yatman
Bagai geteknya Joko Tingkir
Kopiah Clothes
Central Park Linus Suryadi
Kopiahnya bertengger di atas kepala
3. Social Culture
The category of social culture refers to words that indicate particular work and leisure activity or product of cultures Newmark, 1988: 98. Based on
examples provided by Newmark, it can be concluded that music terms, music instruments, and music genre e.g., sithar and biwa—Indian traditional string
instruments, raga—Indian melodic mode, reggae—Jamaican music genre, p. 95
