36 participle plus object is added to translate SL text, e.g., cheveux igaux, a French
ST, is translated into “evenly cut hair” in English.
m. Couplets
Couplets as well as triplets combine two or three of the above-mentioned procedures respectively for dealing with a single problem Newmark, 1988: 91.
Newmark 1988 exclaims that this combination of procedures is common for cultural words. The most common example of a couplet is a combination of
transference with a functional or a cultural equivalence. An example of it is the translation of insitutional terms, i.e., the translation of the UN United Nations in
English into PBB Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa in Bahasa Indonesia.
n. Notes, addition, glosses
Newmark 1988: 91 suggests that translators are allowed to put ‘notes’ or supply additional information in a translation. The additional information that
can be added into the translators’ version is normally cultural accounting for difference between SL and TL culture, technical related to the topic, and
linguistic explaining the use of word. He also suggests that additional information in the translation may take various forms, which are described as
follows: 1
Within the text a As an alternative to the translated word: e.g., la gabelle becomes ‘the
gabelle or salt-tax’
37 b As an adjectival clause: e.g., la taille becomes ‘la taille, which was the
old levy raised in feudal times from the civilian population.’ c As a noun in apposition: e.g., les traites becomes ‘the traites, custom
dues.’ d As a participial group: e.g., Voctroi becomes ‘Voctroi taxes imposed on
food stuffs and wine entering the town.’ e In brackets, often for a literal translation of a transferred word: e.g., das
kombinat becomes ‘the kombinat a “combine” or “trust”.’ f In parentheses, the longest form of addition: e.g., aides become ‘aides–
these are excise dues on such things as drinks, tobacco, iron, precious metals, and leather–where imposed in the eighteenth century.’
2 Notes at bottom of page
3 Notes at end of chapter
4 Notes or glossary at end of book
B. Theoretical Framework
There are two research problems in this research, namely culture- specific terms within poems featured in On Foreign Shores and procedures used
in translating culture-specific terms in those poems. Based on the theoretical description, the researcher employs theories from Catford 1965, Nida and Taber
1982, Nida and Taber 1988, Brislin 1976, Jakobson 1004, Malmkjaer 2005, Hornby 1990, Katan 1999, Malinowski 1923, Newmark 1981,
