41 Foundation. This anthology consists of 69 Indonesian poems from 21 Indonesian
poets throughout generations, which are translated into 69 poems written in English. From all poems featured in this anthology, the researcher only selected
culture-specific terms which bear Indonesian or Javanese culture to be presented for discussion.
D. Research Instruments
There were two instruments used in this research; those instruments were a human instrument and a document instrument. Human instrument became
the primary agent to collect the data in qualitative research Merriam, 2002; Borg and Galls, 2007; Ary, et al, 2010. In this research, the human instrument was the
researcher. The researcher was the one who identified the culture-specific terms in the poems. Afterwards, the researcher analyzed the translation procedures used to
translate those poems from Bahasa Indonesia into English. Document instruments were to find answer for the research problems. In
this research, the document instruments were the printed version of On Foreign Shores: American Images in Indonesian Poetry published by The Lontar
Foundation and observation forms, which are depicted in Table 3.1 and Table 3.2. The observation forms were employed to observe the occurrences of culture-
specific terms, to classify the data, and to identify the procedures used to translate culture-specific terms from Bahasa Indonesia into English.
Table 3.1 was employed to classify the culture-specific terms in poems from On Foreign Shores based on appropriate categories. Table 3.1 was used to
answer the first research problem about culture-specific terms in those poems
42 based on the categorization based on theories from Newmark 1988. There are
five categories proposed by Newmark, namely ecology; material culture; functional culture; organization, ideas, and concepts; and gestures and habits.
Each category is given a specific code, e.g., ecology is given a code ECO, and material culture is given a code MCU. The identification will be done as portrayed
in the table below.
Table 3.1. Table of Culture-Specific Terms Based on Newmark 1988
No Culture-
specific Terms
Line on Poems Categories of Culture-Specific
Terms ECO
MCU SCU
OIC GAH
1 Daun
ketapang “daun ketapang makin
lebat berguguran” Sastrowardoyo’s Dan
Kematian Makin Akrab √
2 Garuda
“Ricky, sayang, garudaku sayang”
Rendra’s Rick dari Corona,
√
Notes ECO
: Ecology MCU
: Material Culture SCU
: Social Culture OIC
: Organizations, Ideas, Customs GAH
: Gestures and Habits
Table 3.2 was used to organize procedures which were applied to translate culture-specific terms in all poems taken from On Foreign Shores and to
solve the second research problem. There are 15 fifteen translation procedures compiled from the studies of Vinay and Darbelnet 1958 also Newmark 1988,
namely: borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation,
43 transference, functional equivalence, adaptation or cultural equivalence,
naturalisation, descriptive equivalence, synonymy, reduction, expansion, couplets, and notes. Each procedure is also given a code; the identification of each
procedure can be seen in a table that will work similarly to the table below.
Table 3.2. Table of Procedures to Translate Culture-Specific Terms Based on Vinay Darbelnet 1958, Newmark 1988
N o
TT ST
Translation procedures B
O C
A L
T T
P M
O T
F C
E F
E N
A D
E S
Y R
E E
X C
O N
O
1 garuda
eagle √
2 bengawan
The Bengawan
√ TT
: Target Text CE
: Cultural Equivalence ST
: Source Text NA
: Naturalisation BO
: Borrowing CA
: Calque DE
: Descriptive Equivalence TP
: Transposition LT
: Literal Translation SY
: Synonymy MO
: Modulation RE
: Reduction TF
: Transference EX
: Expansion FE
: Functional Equivalence CO
: Couplets NO
: Notes
E. Data Analysis Technique
This research is qualitative and further, its type is content analysis where
the researcher learned about the phenomena by studying the documents Ary, Jacobs and Razavieh, 2002. The phenomena to be studied are the culture-specific
terms in Indonesian poems and procedures used to translate them into English.
The data in this research are culture-specific terms in poems which are featured in On Foreign Shores.
