Material culture Culture-specific Terms
30 which are SL-oriented, and procedures which are TL-oriented, oblique
translation, which are elaborated again into seven procedures, in which the first three are direct translation, and the others are oblique translation: borrowing,
calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation in Venuti, 2000: 84-93. That model is basically designed for translating from
French to English; to translate distant languages, such as Indonesian to English, or Javanese to English, more procedures are needed.
Therefore, the researcher takes Newmark’s models into account to provide more procedures. Newmark 1988 also develops some procedures to
translate foreign texts, only he focuses at level of sentence and smaller units of language. Newmark adds some additional terms such as, transference, which are
actually the same with Vinay and Darbelnet’s borrowing with focus on meaning rather than style, and naturalisation, which is similar to calque but the
pronunciation and morphology of SL are adapted to TL. Newmark 1998: 81-91 also expands Vinay and Darbelnet’s model by combining two, three, or four
procedures to generate Newmark’s model which consists of: cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, synonymy, through-translation
calque In Vinay and Darbelnet’s model, transposition, modulations,
equivalence, and adaptation the last four procedures are the same with Vinay and Darbelnet’s. He adds that notes, additions, and glosses are acceptable procedures
when differences between SL and TL cultures are obvious and none of the other procedure can transfer the expressions satisfactorily, or when there is ambiguity in
the text 1988:91.
31 Vinay and Darbelnet’s and Newmark’s model of translation procedures
are described as follows: