12 this research is English, in which John H. McGlynn wrote the translation of those
poems. 5. Source Text ST
Hervey and Higgins define Source Text or ST as the text that requires the translation 1992: 15. It is the text presented in the Source Language that was
translated. In this research, the STs are all poems in On Foreign Shores: American Images in Indonesian Poetry.
6. Target Text TT A Target Text or TT is defined as the text which is a translation of
Source Text or the result of translating Source Text Hervey Higgins, 1992: 15. It means that TT is a text in Target Language as a result of translating Source
Language text. In this study, the TTs are all English version of the poems in On Foreign Shores: American Images in Indonesian Poetry..
7. Culture-specific Terms Baker 1992: 21 defines culture-specific items as abstract and concrete
concepts in the ST which are totally unknown in target culture. Furthermore, Newmark 1988: 95 mentions that culture-specific terms “are associated with a
particular language and cannot be literally translated.” Newmark, then, categorizes culture-specific terms into five categories as follows: a ecology, b
material culture, c social culture, d organizations, customs, ideas, and e gestures and habits.
13
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The contents of this chapter are to explain the theories related to the conduct of this research. This chapter consists of two parts, namely theoretical
description and theoretical framework. The theoretical description presents the theories of translation, culture-specific terms, translation procedures, and poems
underlying this research. The theoretical framework provides theories to solve the research problems.
A. Theoretical Description
In this part, the researcher discusses three major parts of theoretical description, namely the language, culture, and cross-cultural communication
theories, the culture-specific term theories, and the translation procedure theories. The language, culture, and cross-cultural communication theories contain theories
which embrace the scope of the translation itself, types of translation, process of translation, translation shift, untranslatability, translation equivalence. Separately,
the culture-specific term theories embrace the definition of which and the categorisation; while, the translation procedure theories encompass procedures
proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet as well as Newmark. The theoretical description begins with the discussion of the theories of
language, culture, and cross-cultural communication, including the types of translation, process of translation, translation shift, untranslatability, and
14 translation equivalence. The next part concerns with further theories related to the
terms that will be used in analyzing part of this research, namely culture-specific terms, which include categories of cultural words, and translation procedure,
which are limited to Newmark’s and Vinay and Darbelnet’s models only. Subsequently, the culture-specific terms are described, in which it encompassed
two sections, namely the definition of culture-specific terms and the categories of culture-specific terms. Afterwards, translation procedures are also described in
two sections, namely the definition of translation procedures and the types of translation procedures as proposed by Newmark and Vinay and Darbelnet.
1. Language, Translation, and Cross-cultural Communication
Translation, in this modern situation, is not merely about transferring meaning between texts from one language to another language. Based on Snell-
Hornby 1990, translation studies have moved from translation as text to as culture and politics. It is implied that translation has gone beyond the text itself –
there are several cultural and politic concerns to be taken into account in translation. Munday 2001: 125 also clarifies that comparisons between original
texts and the translations do not consider the text in its cultural environment. He adds that translation goes beyond language and focuses on the interaction between
translation and culture, on an account where culture impacts and constrains translation, and on the issues of context, history and conventions. Therefore,
culture has a major role in translation. In translation, understanding the culture is definitely a serious concern.
Therefore, to understand translation, it is necessary to understand culture.
