45 specific terms from Bahasa Indonesia into English, as to solve the second research
problem. In the end, the researcher described Table 3.1 based on each category and Table 3.2 based on each applied procedure.
F. Research Procedures
In this part, the researcher explained the steps in conducting the research. The steps were as follows:
1. Deciding the topic to discuss
The researcher decided one topic to discuss among many topics. The decided topic was “procedures to translate culture-specific terms and
onomatopoeic words from Bahasa Indonesia to English in On Foreign Shores.” To proceed discussing this topic, the researcher needed theories from related
literature, such as theories of language, translation, and cross-cultural communication; theories of culture-specific terms; and theories of translation
procedures.
2. Conducting library study
After deciding the topic, the researcher conducted a library study to support the topic with theories from experts. At first, the researcher equipped
himself with knowledge on how language, translation, and cross-cultural communication are interrelated by employing the studies from Catford 1965,
Nida Taber 1982, Larson 1984, Munday 2001, Choliludin 2005, and other experts. Later, the researcher employed the theory from Newmark 1988
46 about categorisation of culture-specific terms as a basis of the research.
Furthermore, the researcher also equipped himself with theories from Vinay and Darbelnet 1958 as well as Newmark 1988 about translation procedures to
prepare analyzing the data of this research.
3. Collecting data from On Foreign Shores
Being equipped with theories to support the topic, the researcher collected data for this research from the sources. Those data were taken from
poems featured in On Foreign Shores. The researcher used Newmark’s categorisation of culture-specific terms in collecting the data.
4. Classifying culture-specific terms using Table 3.1
From the poems taken from On Foreign Shores, the researcher identified culture-specific terms in Bahasa Indonesia based on the theory proposed by
Newmark 1988. To identify those terms, the researcher employed the third edition of Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, the latest prime Indonesian dictionary,
and Stevens and Schmidgall-Tellings’s A Comprehensive Indonesian-English Dictionary, a bilingual Indonesian dictionary which has the largest entries and is
recommended by professional translators; the researcher employed those two dictionaries to check whether those data were available and cultural—which
means they have no direct equivalence in English. The researcher also deviced Google search engine to check whether each data cultural or universal. In
addition, the researcher analyzed the context of the poems in which those terms occur to find out the contextual term of those terms.
47 After identifying those culture-specific terms, the researcher classified
those culture-specific terms based on Newmark’s categorisation and put the results in Table 3.1 see page 40. Thus, the result of this analysis and
classification solved the first research problem.
5. Identifying procedures to translate culture-specific terms using Table 3.2
From the culture-specific terms identified from the initial identification and classification, the researcher identified what procedures were used to translate
them from Bahasa Indonesia to English as seen in the English version of those poems in On Foreign Shores. Those data from Table 3.1 page 40 were put on
the Table 3.2 along with their original version and their English translation to be analyzed. The analysis focused on what procedures were used to translate them.
To document the translation procedures, the researcher employed Table 3.2 see page 41 which were adapted from procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet
1958 also Newmark 1988. Therefore, the result presented in Table 3.2 became the basis to solve the third research problem.
6. Describing procedures applied to translate culture-specific terms
Based on the findings of translation procedure identification, the researcher analyzed the procedures which were applied in translating culture-
specific terms from Bahasa Indonesia to English based on theories proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet 1958 and Newmark 1988. The researcher described how
those procedures were used by comparing the meaning and syntactical form of the
