63 context in the poem, the researcher also found out that the word gender exactly
refers to a traditional musical instrument included in the ensemble set of gamelan. Newmark 1988: 95 shows that example of social culture are mostly
words related to work and leisure. Furthermore, some of examples he proposes are related to terms which includes music and its instrument as representations of it.
Thus, gender represents the category of social culture of culture-specific terms due to its definition and use as a traditional music instrument.
h. “berpesta di angkasa riuh memukul kendangnya di rimba-rimba” Hadi’s
Landskap 1971 untuk Angela Davis, p. 162 Kendang is defined as a Javanese term of gendang originally written as
“gendang,” p. 478, while gendang, in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, is defined as a musical instrument in the shape of long and round wood covered with leather
on one or both side with a cavity inside originally written as “alat bunyi-bunyian berupa kayu bulat panjang, di dalamnya berongga dan pada salah satu
lubangnya atau kedua-duanya diberi kulit,” p. 308. Meanwhile, Steven and Schmidgall-Tellings describe kendang as a “conical-shaped drum resting on
crossbeams and beaten with both hands; used to direct or conduct a group of players” p. 480.
Based on dictionary definitions presented above and judgments made from the context, a conclusion can be drawn about the meaning of the word
kendang. Apparently, the word kendang refers to a music instrument used in Indonesian leisure activity. Therefore, it belongs to the category of social culture.
64 The terms of the category of social culture are illustrated in Table 4.3
below.
Table 4.3. The Social Culture Category of Culture-Specific Term
Culture-specific terms
Poems Examples
Pantun Pantun Terang Bulan di
Midwest Taufiq Ismail Pantun Terang Bulan di Midwest
Megatruh Melintasi Atlantik Darmanto
Yatman dalam megatruh blues
Bapak pocung Melintasi Atlantik Darmanto
Yatman sambil nembang bapak pocung
Dandanggula Melintasi Atlantik Darmanto
Yatman dalam tetembangan dandanggula
Nina bobo
ninabobo Impresi Honolulu Darmanto
Yatman nina bobo
Dini Hari Musim Semi Abdul Hadi
ninabobo yang menentramkan, kupahatkan padanya
Sabung ayam Sepasang Turis Frans Nadjira
Dewa-dewa di pulau ini tidak membenci
sabung ayam
Gender Kidung Putih Abdul Hadi
musim panas datang berduaan dengan angin si gender
Kendang Landskap 1971 untuk Angela
Davis Abdul Hadi berpesta
di angkasa
riuh memukul
kendangnya di rimba-rimba
4. Organisations, Ideas, and Customs
Organisations, ideas, and customs category theoretically attains the largest population among all categories of culture-specific terms. Based on
Newmark 1988: 99-102, this category embraces political, administrative, historical, international, religious, and artistic terms. Terms within the scope of
this category are political and administrative terms of a country which “is reflected in its institutional terms,” i.e., Sejm, Polish parliament p. 99, historical
terms which are shown in “historical institutional terms,” i.e., kulturkampf in Germany, p. 101, international terms which refer to international institutional
terms “known by their acronyms,” i.e., United Nations or UN, p. 101, religious
