Reduction The Discussion of Procedures to Translate Culture-Specific Terms in On

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter consists of three parts, namely conclusions, implications and recommendations. Conclusions summarize the research findings and highlight the main aspects, implications point out how the research findings contribute to ELESP, while recommendations consist of recommendations for the current study and the further research.

A. Conclusions

There are two objectives of this research. Those objectives are to discover and analyze culture-specific terms found in anthology of poems On Foreign Shores and to analyze translation procedures employed to translate those culture-specific terms from Bahasa Indonesia to English. The data were taken from an anthology of Indonesian poems entitled On Foreign Shores which is edited and translated into English by John H. McGlynn and later published by The Lontar Foundation. First, regarding the first objective, there were 23 culture-specific terms discovered from 15 poems featured in On Foreign Shores. Those data were found by using categorisation of culture-specific terms proposed by Newmark 1988: 96-102 and employing two dictionaries, namely Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia and Kamus Indonesia Inggris. Of those 23 data found, 7 terms belong to ecology category Newmark, 1988: 96-97, 3 terms belong to material culture category Newmark, 1988: 97-98, 9 terms belong to social culture category Newmark, 111 1988: 98-99, 1 term belongs to organisations, ideas, and customs category Newmark, 1988: 99-102, and 3 items belong to gestures and habits category Newmark, 1988: 102. Regarding the second objective, 5 of 15 translation procedures compiled in the review of related literature were employed to translate those 23 culture-specific terms found in On Foreign Shores. Those procedures were transference Newmark, 1988: 82, cultural equivalence Newmark, 1988: 82-83 or adaptation Vinay Darbelnet, 1958, as cited in Venuti, 2000: 86, functional equivalence Newmark, 1988: 83 or equivalence Vinay Darbelnet, 1958, in Venuti, 2000: 90, descriptive equivalence Newmark, 1988: 83-84, and reduction Newmark, 1988: 90. Furthermore, the procedures which were not employed were borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, naturalisation, synonymy, expansion, couplets, and notes. The researcher also learned to find out the most frequently translation procedures employed to translate culture-specific terms found in On Foreign Shores although this research did not focus on that concern. The researcher discovered that functional equivalence Newmark, 1988:83, or also known as equivalence Vinay Darbelnet, 1958, in Venuti, 2000: 90, was the most frequently translation procedure employed. This procedure was employed 17 times through all 5 categories of culture-specific term proposed by Newmark 1988: 96-102. Newmark 1988: 83 explains this phenomenon as a common procedural thing as he states that functional equivalence is a “common procedure, applied to cultural words, requires the use of culture-free items” He later points 112 out that functional equivalence procedure, “which is a cultural componential analysis, is the most accurate way of translating and deculturalising cultural word” 1988:83. Instead of finding out the reason to use functional equivalence as the most frequently used procedure, the researcher also learned to find out the reasons underlying the applications of other translation procedures to translate culture- specific terms in On Foreign Shores. Other four procedures, like functional equivalence, have immediate effects in translating culture-specific terms. Cultural equivalence allows a TL cultural word to translate an SL cultural word since it produces greater pragmatic effects to the TT Newmark, 1988: 82-83. Descriptive equivalence allows words known in TL culture to describe an SL culture-specific term. Based on Newmark 1988: 84, description is also essential in explanation and translation of cultural word. Transference allows the translator to transfer the SL term to the TL; in addition, transference normally transfers “geographical and topographical” term known in particular culture Newmark, 1988: 82. Since local geographical terms also belong to ecology category of culture-specific term, the application of transference for them is reasonable. The use of reduction procedure in translating a culture-specific term in On Foreign Shores is also reasonable. According to Newmark 1988: 90, reduction is only used for SL text which is impossible to be literally translated into TL. Since the culture-specific term in On Foreign Shores which is translated by using reduction has no word-for-word or cultural equivalence in the TL and becomes the part of the title, reduction is the appropriate procedure to take. Those are the reason why 113 such procedures are applied in translating culture-specific terms in On Foreign Shores compiled from Newmark’s theories.

B. Implications

Based on the findings of this research, there are some implications of this research that can contribute to ELESP. The findings of this research can contribute to the Translation course in ELESP, as they provide examples on how translation procedures are employed to translate culture-specific terms in a real- world text—specifically; they provide examples of how transference, cultural equivalence or adaptation, functional equivalence or equivalence, descriptive equivalence, and reduction are employed in translation. The findings of this research also provide theoretical base on the use of translation procedure to translate texts whose source language is Bahasa Indonesia specifically into English, since some terms in Bahasa Indonesia do not have direct word-for-word equivalence in English and some Indonesian cultural concepts are not available in cultures of English-speaking countries.

C. Recommendations

Based on the research findings, there are some recommendations proposed for the current study and the further research. For the current study, local words, or simply known as culture-specific terms, in Bahasa Indonesia can be an interesting field to study in the scope of translation. Furthermore, what kind of local words which tend to be culture-specific terms can also be studied. The translation of Indonesian poetry can also be an interesting field to study since 114 Indonesian literature, especially poetry, is developed from time to time. Besides, Indonesian literature lately meets international recognition. Since the researcher only found five translation procedures; thus, the researcher only analyzed how those five procedures is employed in translating culture-specific terms. However, there are many other translation procedures which are not yet analyzed in accordance their application to translate culture- specific terms. Accordingly, it is expected that the future research analyzes the other procedures which have not been analyzed yet in this research. Besides, this research only focused on translating culture-specific terms within word level. Thus, the future research is also expected to focus on broader level, for instance, clause or sentence level—which needs more complex translation. For translators, the findings of this research about culture-specific terms provide additional knowledge and consideration of what words carrying cultural element. Furthermore, the analyses of how translation procedures are employed to translate culture-specific terms in poems are expected to become considerations and models for translators when they face similar cases. Finally, this research is expected to become a reference for translators to study translation threats related to culture-specific terms.