Research Problem Problem Limitation

10

F. Definition of Terms

In this part, the researcher is going to give some definitions of terms used in this research. The terms which are going to be described are translation, translation procedure, culture-specific terms, source language, target language, source text and target text. 1. Translation Translation is simply known as a process of transferring message from one language to another language. It is in lines with Newmark’s definition stating that translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way the author intended the text 1988: 5. In addition, Catford 1965: 20 states that translation may be defined as the replacement of textual material in one language by equivalent textual material in the target language. Similarly, Nida and Taber 1974: 12 defines translation as the reproduction in receptor language of the closest natural equivalent of the source message, first in terms of meaning, and secondly in terms of style. Therefore, based on the definitions given by some experts above, it can be concluded that translation deals with finding a Target Language equivalence of a Source Language text. 2. Translation Procedure Suryawinata and Haryanto 2003: 67 define translation procedures as the way to translate words, phrases, clauses, or even the whole sentence if the translated part cannot be separated into smaller units to be translated. Besides, Krings 1986: 18 states that translation procedure is translators potentially conscious plans for solving concrete translation problems in the framework of a 11 concrete translation task, and Loescher 1991: 8 defines translation procedure as a potentially conscious procedure for solving a problem faced in translating a text, or any segment of it. From those definitions and explanations above, it can be concluded that translation procedures deals with conscious act that a translator used to overcome problems in sentences or smaller units of language within the text. In addition, some experts propose several translation procedures to translate texts with or without corresponding equivalence. However, in this research, only translation procedures proposed by Newmark 1988 and Vinay Darbelnet 1995 will be used. 3. Source Language SL The Source Language or SL is the language in which the text requiring translation is couched Hervey and Higgins, 1992: 15. In other words, it is the original language upon which the translation process happens. In this research, the Source Language is Bahasa Indonesia in which the poems from On Foreign Shores: American Images in Indonesian Poetry were originally written. 4. Target Language TL The Target Language or TL is the language into which the original text is to be translated Hervey Higgins, 1992: 15. In other words, it is the language in which the translation is addressed. TL in this research is the language in which the results of the translation of all poems in On Foreign Shores: American Images in Indonesian Poetry were written. In a more negligible way, the TL mentioned in 12 this research is English, in which John H. McGlynn wrote the translation of those poems. 5. Source Text ST Hervey and Higgins define Source Text or ST as the text that requires the translation 1992: 15. It is the text presented in the Source Language that was translated. In this research, the STs are all poems in On Foreign Shores: American Images in Indonesian Poetry. 6. Target Text TT A Target Text or TT is defined as the text which is a translation of Source Text or the result of translating Source Text Hervey Higgins, 1992: 15. It means that TT is a text in Target Language as a result of translating Source Language text. In this study, the TTs are all English version of the poems in On Foreign Shores: American Images in Indonesian Poetry.. 7. Culture-specific Terms Baker 1992: 21 defines culture-specific items as abstract and concrete concepts in the ST which are totally unknown in target culture. Furthermore, Newmark 1988: 95 mentions that culture-specific terms “are associated with a particular language and cannot be literally translated.” Newmark, then, categorizes culture-specific terms into five categories as follows: a ecology, b material culture, c social culture, d organizations, customs, ideas, and e gestures and habits.