43 transference, functional equivalence, adaptation or cultural equivalence,
naturalisation, descriptive equivalence, synonymy, reduction, expansion, couplets, and notes. Each procedure is also given a code; the identification of each
procedure can be seen in a table that will work similarly to the table below.
Table 3.2. Table of Procedures to Translate Culture-Specific Terms Based on Vinay Darbelnet 1958, Newmark 1988
N o
TT ST
Translation procedures B
O C
A L
T T
P M
O T
F C
E F
E N
A D
E S
Y R
E E
X C
O N
O
1 garuda
eagle √
2 bengawan
The Bengawan
√ TT
: Target Text CE
: Cultural Equivalence ST
: Source Text NA
: Naturalisation BO
: Borrowing CA
: Calque DE
: Descriptive Equivalence TP
: Transposition LT
: Literal Translation SY
: Synonymy MO
: Modulation RE
: Reduction TF
: Transference EX
: Expansion FE
: Functional Equivalence CO
: Couplets NO
: Notes
E. Data Analysis Technique
This research is qualitative and further, its type is content analysis where
the researcher learned about the phenomena by studying the documents Ary, Jacobs and Razavieh, 2002. The phenomena to be studied are the culture-specific
terms in Indonesian poems and procedures used to translate them into English.
The data in this research are culture-specific terms in poems which are featured in On Foreign Shores.
44
In qualitative research, there are general steps that are used to analyze the data. Creswell 2007 defines the first steps of the data analysis as “preparing” and
“organizing” the data for analysis. In this step, the researcher read and analyzed all poems in the anthology On Foreign Shores
. The researcher identified culture- specific terms based on the categorization proposed by Newmark 1988.
The second, sorting the data into some categories through a process of “coding” Creswell, 2007: 148. In this research, data were categorized in double
layers; The first layers are to analyze culture-specific terms in the all poems, while the second layer is to analyze procedures used to translate them into English.
First, the researcher categorized the data and put them into categories of culture- specific terms which had been given specific codes, e.g., ecology category was
given a code ECO. Each datum was put into specific categories in which they belong. Second, the researcher categorized the data of culture-specific terms, and
then analyzed what procedures used in translating them into English based on procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet 1958 as well as Newmark 1988.
Each procedure had been given a specific code, e.g., Borrowing was given a code BO. The first coding dealt with the solving of the first research problem, while the
second coding dealt with the solving of the second research problem. The last step is presenting the data in the form of tables. After the data
were prepared and organized, the researcher put them into two tables. The first table was Table 3.1 to distinguish the categories of culture-specific terms in the
poems, as to solve the first research problem. Furthermore, the second table, namely Table 3.2 was used to analyze procedures applied to translate culture-
