Transference Naturalisation Translation Procedures

38 Newmark 1988, Larson 1984, Munday 2001, and Choliludin 2005 to understand about the relation between language, translation, and cross-cultural communication. Afterwards, the researcher employs theories from Newmark 1988 about culture-specific terms and Newmark 1988 as well as Vinay and Darbelnet 1958 about translation procedures to solve those two research problems. To solve the first research problem, the theory that will be used is culture-specific term categorization proposed by Newmark 1988. There are five types of culture-specific terms, namely ecology; material culture; social culture; organisations, culture, and ideas; and gesture and habits. Based on Newmark’s theory, the researcher attempts to analyze culture-specific terms in poems featured in On Foreign Shores. To solve the second research problem about procedures used in translating culture-specific terms, the researcher uses theories of translation procedures which are compiled from the study of Vinay and Darbelnet 1958 and Newmark 1988. From that compilation of procedures, the researcher employs 15 translation procedures, namely borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, transference, functional equivalence, adaptation or cultural equivalence, naturalisation, descriptive equivalent, reduction or expansion, synonymy, couplets, and notes see page 31-36. Those procedures are used to analyze what procedures used to translate culture-specific terms found within poems in On Foreign Shores from Bahasa Indonesia into English. 39

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, the researcher discusses the methodology used to answer the research problems. This chapter consists of seven subtopics. The first subtopic is the research method used to conduct this research. The second subtopic is the setting in which and when the research was conducted. The third subtopic talks about the research subject as the source of data used in conducting the research. The fourth subtopic is the instrument used in collecting and analyzing the data. The fifth is about the techniques used to gather the data. The sixth is the data analysis. The seventh or the last subtopic is the research procedures.

A. Research Method

This research was qualitative research. Based on Borg and Galls 2007, “Qualitative research is a research which presents facts in a narration with words.” A description is also given by Hansen 2005 stating that qualitative methods rely on experiences and phenomena that need to be interpreted and explained. The results of the research problems are to be explained and interpreted. Those were the application of descriptive-qualitative research in this study. Merriam et al 2002 state that a descriptive-qualitative research is used when data collected through interviews, observations, or documents analysis are analyzed to identify the pattern of the data. In addition, the findings of the research are to be presented and discussed in the lights of some relevant theories of culture-specific terms and translations procedures. Therefore, the researcher analyzed the phenomena of