Transference Naturalisation Translation Procedures
38 Newmark 1988, Larson 1984, Munday 2001, and Choliludin 2005 to
understand about the relation between language, translation, and cross-cultural communication. Afterwards, the researcher employs theories from Newmark
1988 about culture-specific terms and Newmark 1988 as well as Vinay and Darbelnet 1958 about translation procedures to solve those two research
problems. To solve the first research problem, the theory that will be used is
culture-specific term categorization proposed by Newmark 1988. There are five types of culture-specific terms, namely ecology; material culture; social culture;
organisations, culture, and ideas; and gesture and habits. Based on Newmark’s theory, the researcher attempts to analyze culture-specific terms in poems featured
in On Foreign Shores. To solve the second research problem about procedures used in
translating culture-specific terms, the researcher uses theories of translation procedures which are compiled from the study of Vinay and Darbelnet 1958 and
Newmark 1988. From that compilation of procedures, the researcher employs 15 translation procedures, namely borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition,
modulation, transference, functional
equivalence, adaptation or cultural
equivalence, naturalisation, descriptive equivalent, reduction or expansion, synonymy, couplets, and notes see page 31-36. Those procedures are used to
analyze what procedures used to translate culture-specific terms found within poems in On Foreign Shores from Bahasa Indonesia into English.
39