Transference The Discussion of Procedures to Translate Culture-Specific Terms in On
108 90. Of those procedures, functional equivalence is the most frequently procedure
to employ; it is employed 17 times in all five categories of culture-specific term Newmark, 1988: 95-102. Furthermore, the procedures which are not employed
are borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, naturalisation, synonymy, expansion, couplets, and notes. The distribution of procedures
employed to translate culture-specific terms in On Foreign Shores in accordance to the categories of which is illustrated in Table 4.12.
Table 4.12. The Distribution of Translation Procedures in On Foreign Shores
Translation procedure
The occurrence of translation procedures in category of culture-specific term
Total occurrence
ECO MCT
SCT OIC
GAH
Transference 1
- -
- -
1 Cultural
equivalence -
1 1
- 1
3 Functional
equivalence 6
2 7
1 1
17 Descriptive
equivalence -
- -
- 1
1 Reduction
- -
1 -
- 1
Total 7
3 9
1 3
23
From Table 4.12, it is clear that there were 23 culture-specific terms found in On Foreign Shores. From those 23 terms, seven terms belong to the
category of ecology i.e., daun ketapang, belibis, kijang, garuda, bengawan, gayam, and kangkung, three terms belong to the category of material culture i.e.,
kerupuk, getek, and kopiah, nine terms belong to the category of social culture i.e., pantun, megatruh, bapak pocung, dandanggula, nina bobo, ninabobo,
sabung ayam, gender, and kendang, one term belongs to the category of organisations, ideas, and customs i.e., Sekolah Rakyat, and three terms belong to
109 the category of gestures and habits i.e., ongkang-ongkang and bersila.
Therefore, the discovery of 23 culture-specific terms in On Foreign Shores solves the first research problem regarding culture-specific terms found in the anthology.
From Table 4.12, it is also clear that the researcher also found out that McGlynn, the translator of this anthology, employs five procedures to translate
those 23 culture-specific terms in On Foreign Shores. Those procedures are transference Newmark, 1988: 82 which is used once, cultural equivalence
Newmark, 1988: 82-83 or adaptation Vinay Darbelnet, 1958, as cited in Venuti, 2000: 86 which is used 3 times, functional equivalence Newmark, 1988:
83 or equivalence Vinay Darbelnet, 1958, in Venuti, 2000: 90 which is used 17 times, descriptive equivalence Newmark, 1988: 83-84 which is used once,
and reduction Newmark, 1988: 90 which is used once. These findings, thus, solve the second research problem regarding what procedures are used to translate
culture-specific terms in On Foreign Shores.
110