Transference The Discussion of Procedures to Translate Culture-Specific Terms in On

108 90. Of those procedures, functional equivalence is the most frequently procedure to employ; it is employed 17 times in all five categories of culture-specific term Newmark, 1988: 95-102. Furthermore, the procedures which are not employed are borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, naturalisation, synonymy, expansion, couplets, and notes. The distribution of procedures employed to translate culture-specific terms in On Foreign Shores in accordance to the categories of which is illustrated in Table 4.12. Table 4.12. The Distribution of Translation Procedures in On Foreign Shores Translation procedure The occurrence of translation procedures in category of culture-specific term Total occurrence ECO MCT SCT OIC GAH Transference 1 - - - - 1 Cultural equivalence - 1 1 - 1 3 Functional equivalence 6 2 7 1 1 17 Descriptive equivalence - - - - 1 1 Reduction - - 1 - - 1 Total 7 3 9 1 3 23 From Table 4.12, it is clear that there were 23 culture-specific terms found in On Foreign Shores. From those 23 terms, seven terms belong to the category of ecology i.e., daun ketapang, belibis, kijang, garuda, bengawan, gayam, and kangkung, three terms belong to the category of material culture i.e., kerupuk, getek, and kopiah, nine terms belong to the category of social culture i.e., pantun, megatruh, bapak pocung, dandanggula, nina bobo, ninabobo, sabung ayam, gender, and kendang, one term belongs to the category of organisations, ideas, and customs i.e., Sekolah Rakyat, and three terms belong to 109 the category of gestures and habits i.e., ongkang-ongkang and bersila. Therefore, the discovery of 23 culture-specific terms in On Foreign Shores solves the first research problem regarding culture-specific terms found in the anthology. From Table 4.12, it is also clear that the researcher also found out that McGlynn, the translator of this anthology, employs five procedures to translate those 23 culture-specific terms in On Foreign Shores. Those procedures are transference Newmark, 1988: 82 which is used once, cultural equivalence Newmark, 1988: 82-83 or adaptation Vinay Darbelnet, 1958, as cited in Venuti, 2000: 86 which is used 3 times, functional equivalence Newmark, 1988: 83 or equivalence Vinay Darbelnet, 1958, in Venuti, 2000: 90 which is used 17 times, descriptive equivalence Newmark, 1988: 83-84 which is used once, and reduction Newmark, 1988: 90 which is used once. These findings, thus, solve the second research problem regarding what procedures are used to translate culture-specific terms in On Foreign Shores. 110

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter consists of three parts, namely conclusions, implications and recommendations. Conclusions summarize the research findings and highlight the main aspects, implications point out how the research findings contribute to ELESP, while recommendations consist of recommendations for the current study and the further research.

A. Conclusions

There are two objectives of this research. Those objectives are to discover and analyze culture-specific terms found in anthology of poems On Foreign Shores and to analyze translation procedures employed to translate those culture-specific terms from Bahasa Indonesia to English. The data were taken from an anthology of Indonesian poems entitled On Foreign Shores which is edited and translated into English by John H. McGlynn and later published by The Lontar Foundation. First, regarding the first objective, there were 23 culture-specific terms discovered from 15 poems featured in On Foreign Shores. Those data were found by using categorisation of culture-specific terms proposed by Newmark 1988: 96-102 and employing two dictionaries, namely Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia and Kamus Indonesia Inggris. Of those 23 data found, 7 terms belong to ecology category Newmark, 1988: 96-97, 3 terms belong to material culture category Newmark, 1988: 97-98, 9 terms belong to social culture category Newmark,