Identification of the Problem Focus of the Research

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CHAPTER II THEORITICAL REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter consists of theoritical review, conceptual framework, and analytical construct. Theoritical review explains the related theories of this study. Meanwhile, conceptual framework describes briefly the concepts of the study conducted, whereas analytical construct draws the arrangement of the researcher’s viewpoint toward the phenomena being observed.

A. Theoritical Review

1. Translation

The definition of translation has been stated by some experts. They define the definition in many ways. Besides a process of reconstructing the form, words or phrases from the source language to the target language, a translation text needs to be equivalent in grammar and cultural context. As defined by Larson 1984: 3, translation is the activity which consists of studying lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language text, analyzing it in order to determine its meaning, and then reconstructing this same meaning using the lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate in the target language and its cultural context. Hatim and Munday 2004: 3 define translation as a process and as a product. They propose that “[t]he first sense focuses on the role of the translator in taking the original or source textST and turning it into a text in another language the target text, TT. The second sense centers on the concrete translation product produced by the translator.” The former is the process or the activity of translating a piece of information from the source language to the receptor language, whereas the latter is the product of the translation process or activity. According to Nida and Taber 1982: 12-13, translation consists in the reproducing in the receptor language, the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in the terms of meaning and secondly in the terms of style. Moreover Catford 1965:20 states that translation is the replacement of textual material in the source language by equivalent textual material in the target language. Further, Bell 1991: 5 defines translation as the expression in another language or target language on what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalents. From the definitions above, those experts stress that the target language should be equivalent to the source language. As stated by Newmark 1988: 5, translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. He states a further view towards the transferring meaning in a translation. Whereas Brislin 1976: 1 says that translation is a general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language to another, whether the language is in written or oral form, whether the languages have established orthographies or not; or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with signs of the deaf. In accordance with the statements above, the researcher found the similar definition of translation that the experts had stated. The definition of translation is a process of transferring ideas, thoughts, messages from the source language into