Description is applied by replacing a term or expression with a description of its form orand function. For example,
Ketupat
is translated into “Indonesian
traditional food eaten on the celebration of Eid al-
Fitr.”
g. Discursive Creation
Discursive creation establishes a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context. It usually happens in the translation of title. For
example,
SukreniGadis Bali
is translated into
The Rape of Sukreni
.
h. Established Equivalent
This translation technique is for the same situation using a completely different phrase. It can be rendered by two texts using completely different
stylistics and structural methods. For example, “merekasepertipinangbelahdua”
is translated into “they are as like as peas.”
i. Generalization
Generalization is a translation technique which uses more general or neutral term in the target language. For example, the word
becak
is translatedinto
vehicle
.
j. Linguistic Amplification
Linguistic amplification is a translation technique that adds linguistic elements. This is often used in oral consecutive interpreting and dubbing. For
example,the English expression
just kidding
is translated into Bahasa Indonesia as “cuma main
-main saja
, bukanbeneran” instead of using an expression with the
same number of words,
hanyabercanda
.
k. Linguistic Compression
It is a translation technique that synthesizes linguistic elements in the target text. This is often used in simultaneous interpreting and in subtitling. For
example, to translate the English question “Yes, then?”with“Lalu?”inBahasa
Indonesia, instead of using a phrase with the same number of words, “Ya,
kemudian?”
l. Literal Translation
Literal translation is when a word or an expression is translated into word for word. It is the direct transfer of a source language text into a grammatically
and idiomatically
appropriate target
language text.
For example,
“seorangpemimpin agama yang hebat”is translated into “
a great religious leader
. ”
m. Modulation
Modulation is a translation technique that changes the point of view, focus or cognitive category in relation to the source text; it can be lexical or structural.
For example, “I broke my leg”is translated into “
kakikupatah
. ”
n. Particularization
Particularization is a translation technique where a translator uses a more precise or concrete term in the target text. For example,
land transportation
is translated into
mobil
in Indonesian.
o. Reduction
Reduction is the opposite of amplification technique. It suppresses a source text information item in the target text. For example,
“Ramadhan, the Moslem month of fasting”is translated into
Ramadhan
.
