Formulation of the Problem

produced by the translator.” The former is the process or the activity of translating a piece of information from the source language to the receptor language, whereas the latter is the product of the translation process or activity. According to Nida and Taber 1982: 12-13, translation consists in the reproducing in the receptor language, the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in the terms of meaning and secondly in the terms of style. Moreover Catford 1965:20 states that translation is the replacement of textual material in the source language by equivalent textual material in the target language. Further, Bell 1991: 5 defines translation as the expression in another language or target language on what has been expressed in another, source language, preserving semantic and stylistic equivalents. From the definitions above, those experts stress that the target language should be equivalent to the source language. As stated by Newmark 1988: 5, translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. He states a further view towards the transferring meaning in a translation. Whereas Brislin 1976: 1 says that translation is a general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language to another, whether the language is in written or oral form, whether the languages have established orthographies or not; or whether one or both languages is based on signs, as with signs of the deaf. In accordance with the statements above, the researcher found the similar definition of translation that the experts had stated. The definition of translation is a process of transferring ideas, thoughts, messages from the source language into the target language by considering the equivalence of the meaning and style whether it is written or oral.

a. Types of Translation

There have been plenty of classifications of types of translation. Jakobson in Bassnett 2002: 23 distinguishes three kinds of translation as follows. 1 Intralingual translation or rewording is translation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language. The example of intralingual translation is synonyms in the same linguistic code or language, paraphrase or replacing an idiom such as passaway by die . 2 Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other languages. What differentiates interlingual translation from intralingual translation is that it involves two or more languages. This type of translation can be seen in replacing certain code- units in the source language by equivalent code-units in the target language. 3 Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is translation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign system. It refers to the use of signs or signals for the purpose of communication such as sign language and traffic signals. Larson 1984: 15 classifies translation into two main types, namely form- based translation and meaning-based translation. Forms-based translation, known as literal translation, is a translation type in which the target language TL follows the form of the source language SL. While meaning-based translation, known as idiomatic translation, is a translation type which communicates the