determining the meaningful relationship between the words and the combination words, the referential meaning of the words and special combination of words
idiom, and the connotative meaning. In analyzing the text, the translator tries to understand the ideas and the messages of the material of the source language.
2 Transfer
The next process is transferring the ideas and the messages into the receptor language target language. Nida and Taber 1982: 33 say “The analyzed material
is transferred in the mind of the receptor from language A to language B.” From what Nida and Taber say, the translator has to determine the equivalence of the
target language. Then the ideas and the messages in the source language texts are written in the receptor language.
3 Restructuring
After transferring, the translator has to restructure the translation to make the idea of the source language fully acceptable in the receptor language target
language. As said by Nida and Taber 1982: 33, the translator reconstructs and reanalysis the result of his translation.
2. Translation Techniques
Molina and Albir 2002: 509 define translation technique as procedures to analyze and classify how translation equivalence works. There are 18 translation
techniques according to Molina and Albir 2002: 509-511.
a. Adaptation
Adaptation is applied to replace a source text cultural element with one from the target culture.For example,the word
Keris
is translatedinto
Sword
in English.
b. Amplification
Amplification is applied to introduce details that are not formulated in the source text by giving information or explicative paraphrasing.For example, the
word
Ramadhan
is translatedinto “
Ramadhan, the Moslem month of fasting
. ”
c. Borrowing
Borrowing is when a word or an expression is borrowed straight from another language. It can be pure without any changes or it can be naturalized to
fit the spelling rules in the target language. For example, the word
Amak
is purely translated into
Amak
in
The Land of Five Towers
.
d. Calque
Calque is when words or phrases of the source language are translated literally. It is a special kind of borrowing whereby a language borrows an
expression form of another, but then translates literally each of its elements. For example, the word
Honeymoon
is translated into
BulanMadu.
e. Compensation
Compensation is a translation technique that introduces a source text element of information or stylistic affect in another place in the target text because
it cannot be reflected in the same place as in the source text.For example,
tikar
is translated into
sleeping mat
.
f. Description
Description is applied by replacing a term or expression with a description of its form orand function. For example,
Ketupat
is translated into “Indonesian
traditional food eaten on the celebration of Eid al-
Fitr.”
g. Discursive Creation
Discursive creation establishes a temporary equivalence that is totally unpredictable out of context. It usually happens in the translation of title. For
example,
SukreniGadis Bali
is translated into
The Rape of Sukreni
.
h. Established Equivalent
This translation technique is for the same situation using a completely different phrase. It can be rendered by two texts using completely different
stylistics and structural methods. For example, “merekasepertipinangbelahdua”
is translated into “they are as like as peas.”
i. Generalization
Generalization is a translation technique which uses more general or neutral term in the target language. For example, the word
becak
is translatedinto
vehicle
.
j. Linguistic Amplification
Linguistic amplification is a translation technique that adds linguistic elements. This is often used in oral consecutive interpreting and dubbing. For
example,the English expression
just kidding
is translated into Bahasa Indonesia as “cuma main
-main saja
, bukanbeneran” instead of using an expression with the
same number of words,
hanyabercanda
.
k. Linguistic Compression
