Related Study Theoritical Review

that the word he refers to a male person masculine, she refers to a female person feminine and it refers to neutral thing. Furthermore, a kinship is a relationship between members of the same family. The kinship systems of English and Bahasa Indonesia are different. The English kinship system is more specific than the Bahasa Indonesia kinship system in differentiating between masculine and feminine. For instance, the words son and daughter in English are called anak in Bahasa Indonesia. Meanwhile, a title is a word which is used before someones name. It states the social rank, age, intimacy, position in an organization, sex and etc., for instance Sir and Miss or Bapak dan Ibu. Moreover, a name is usually used by people to call other people that know each other. It is also used depends on the relationship and the status of the participants, for instance Alif, Baso and Atang. This research adopts Molina and Albir’s translation techniques. It is defined as procedures used by the translators to analyze and classify how translation equivalence works. Further, the address terms in the novels are analyzed and classified into 18 techniques. The translation techniques are adaptation, amplification, borrowing, calque, compensation, description, discursive creation, established equivalent, generalization, linguistic amplification, linguistic compression, literal translation, modulation, particularization, reduction, substitution, transposition and variation. Adaptation is a translation technique which is focused on the cultural element of the source text and the target text. It is done by finding the closest meaning and term because of the different culture between two languages. It is used when a word in the source language cannot equally be found in the target language culture. For example, the idiom“as white as snow”in the source text is unknown in the target text. “As white as snow”is translated into “seputihkapas”because snow does not exist in Indonesia. By finding the closest meaning and term, then the translator translates it into kapas because it is more natural than snow in Indonesia. Amplification is a translation technique which aims at introducing details which are not formulated in the source text. It could be in the form of information or explicative paraphrasing. It is to add a description of a technical term which is not familiar in the target text. For example, the word Ramadhan in the source textis maintained in the target text, but then it is described explicitly into “the Moslem month of fasting”. Borrowing is a translation technique which borrows the original terminology of the source text into the target text. It can be pure or without any changes and naturalized into the target text. For example, the word computer in the source text is translated into komputer. The word computer is not originally from Indonesia, it is naturalization from the word computer to fit the spelling rules in the target text . Calque is a translation technique which maintains the expression form of the source language then translates each element literally. It is when a foreign word or phrase translated and incorporated into another language. For example, the phrase “interest rate” in the source expressionis translated into“tingkatsukubunga”.