the target language by considering the equivalence of the meaning and style whether it is written or oral.
a. Types of Translation
There have been plenty of classifications of types of translation. Jakobson in Bassnett 2002: 23 distinguishes three kinds of translation as follows.
1 Intralingual translation or
rewording
is translation of verbal signs by means of other signs in the same language. The example of intralingual translation
is synonyms in the same linguistic code or language, paraphrase or replacing an idiom such as
passaway
by
die
. 2
Interlingual translation or
translation proper
is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other languages. What differentiates interlingual
translation from intralingual translation is that it involves two or more languages. This type of translation can be seen in replacing certain code-
units in the source language by equivalent code-units in the target language. 3
Intersemiotic translation or
transmutation
is translation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign system. It refers to the use of signs or
signals for the purpose of communication such as sign language and traffic signals.
Larson 1984: 15 classifies translation into two main types, namely form- based translation and meaning-based translation. Forms-based translation, known
as literal translation, is a translation type in which the target language TL follows the form of the source language SL. While meaning-based translation,
known as idiomatic translation, is a translation type which communicates the
meaning of the source language SL text in the natural forms of the target language TL.
In line with this, Newmark in
A Textbook of Translation
1988: 45 classifies eight types of translation based on the purpose of translation and the
nature of the readership. 1
Word-for-word translation is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with the target language immediately below the source language words. The
source language word-order is preserved and the words translated one by one by their most common meanings, out of context. Cultural words are translated
literally. 2
Literal translation is when the source language grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest target language equivalents but the lexical words
are again translated one by one, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.
3 Faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of
the target language grammatical structures. 4
Semantic translation is written based on the author style of his or her language and follow the author’s thought. It is usually done by interpreting
the text. 5
Adaptation
is the freest form of translation. This is normally used only for plays and poetry theatre.
