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community. Therefore, learners of English as a foreign language have a choice of language variety to a larger extent than second language learners.
2. Speaking
a. Definition of Speaking
Speaking is one of the skills that have to be mastered by students in learning English. Speaking has many kinds of definition based on some experts.
Speaking is usually defined as a process to convey a meaning between speaker and receiver with using utterance but some experts have their own details about
speaking. Chaney and Burk 1998: 13 state that speaking is the process of building
and sharing meaning through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols, in a variety of contexts. This definition seems to be the same as what is said by Brown
2001: 267. He defines speaking as demonstration of an ability to accomplish pragmatic goals through interactive discourse with other speakers of the language.
While, based on Nunan 2003: 48, speaking is the productive skill that consists of producing systematic verbal utterance to convey meaning. It implies that the
process of speaking is interaction between two or more people in particular situation and condition to achieve a objective through verbal and non-verbal
language. Furhermore, Brown and Yule 1989: 14 define speaking as expressing the
needs-request, information service, etc. It means that the speakers say words to the listener not only to express what the speakers want in her mind but also to
express what the speakers get through ongoing information. In accordance with
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Brown and Yule, Widdowson 1978: 96 states that speaking is commonly performed in face to face interaction and occurs as part of a dialogue or other form
of verbal exchange. Therefore, communication involves at least two people where both sender and receiver need to communicate to exchange information, ideas,
opinions, views, or feelings. From some theories of experts above, it can be inferred that speaking is a
process to have a conversation with someone using utterance and non-verbal language to send a meaning in target language. Besides, interaction with others
involves not only verbal language, but also paralinguistic elements of speech such as, pitch, stress, and intonation. In addition, nonlinguistic elements such as,
gestures, body language, posture, facial expression, and so on may accompany the
process of speaking.
b. The Nature of Speaking
