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h. Borrowing in Cockney and Bahasa Binan
Fromkin 2003 defines borrowing as the process of word formation in which the speakers of a language take a word or a morpheme from another
language. There are two kinds of borrowing, namely direct borrowing, which happens if the speakers of a language borrow words from a language without
having some adjustments to the words, and indirect borrowing, which happens when the speakers of a language modify the words from a language. Based on the
word formation analysis, the writer saw that most of the words employed in Cockney and Bahasa Binan were the borrowed words from the source languages.
In other words, it could be said that Cockney must have frequently borrowed the words from English and Bahasa Binan must have borrowed the words from
Bahasa Indonesia. This assumption was drawn by considering the existence of similar words
in the language variations and the source languages. It was seen that the speakers of Cockney and Bahasa Binan frequently adapted the words simply by shifting
the meaning or modifying the words according to the rhyming sounds. The adapted words then turned into functional words that were always used by the
speakers of Cockney and Bahasa Binan in their daily communication. It was seen that the words in Cockney and Bahasa Binan were sometimes
in the form of phrases as it was seen in the word “boat race.” Although it was treated as a single word in other word formation processes, the writer decided to
break the phrase into words so that the writer could see how actually the process of borrowing happened internally within the phrase. This rule then consecutively
93 was applied to all the words in order to analyze the phenomenon of borrowing in
the selected dictionaries. Table 4.15 describes the case of borrowing happening in Cockney.
Table 4.15: Borrowing in Cockney
Word Meaning
Source Language
apple and fritter bitter Old English æppel
Old French friture
balloon car saloon car
French ballon Old Northern French carre
beef and ham pram
Old French boef Old English ham
Table 4.15 depicts some languages that became the source languages of the borrowed words in Cockney besides English, which was its source language.
It could also be seen that either the speakers of English or Cockney once borrowed the words from the neighboring languages such as France and German.
This phenomenon was seen in the word “apple and fritter” in Cockney. The word “apple and fritter,” which meant “bitter” in English, was
actually constituted from the words “apple” and “fritter” in English. The writer found that the word “apple” in English was borrowed from the Old English æppel
while the word “fritter” was borrowed from Old French friture. The writer saw that the words “apple” and “fritter” were the words that performed the process of
indirect borrowing. This conclusion was drawn by considering the morphology of the words that were different from their contemporary English words “apple” and
“fritter.” Moreover, the speakers of Cockney also shifted the meaning of the word “apple and fritter” in English into “bitter” in Cockney.
94 The same case also happened to the word “balloon car,” which was used to
replace the word “saloon car” in English. By looking at the morphological construction of the word, it could be seen that the word “balloon car” was
basically formed by combining the English words “balloon” and “car.” The writer found that the words “balloon” and “car” in English were adapted from the French
word ballon and the Old Northern French carre. By looking at the morphology of the words, the writer considered the words “balloon” and “car” either in English
or Cockney as the indirect borrowing words. Without considering the meaning changes, it turned out that the process of
direct borrowing also happened in Cockney. One of the cases of morphological direct borrowing was seen in the word “beef and ham,” which was used to
substitute the word “pram” in English. It was found that the word “beef” was actually a word that was indirectly borrowed from Old French boef. However, the
word “ham” in fact appeared as the word that performed the process of direct borrowing from Old English ham since the word had fit the speakers’
communication requirements. By comparing the borrowed words in Cockney to the words in English, it
showed that actually the main consideration of the Cockney speakers to borrow the words from English was because the words rhymed with the intended words to
say. Thus, it was seen that the words “apple and fritter,” “balloon car,” and “beef and ham” rhymed with the words “bitter,” “saloon car,” and “pram” in English.
While Cockney mostly borrowed English words, the speakers of Bahasa Binan mostly borrowed the words from its source language, Bahasa Indonesia.
95
Table 4.16: Borrowing in Bahasa Binan
Word Meaning
Source LanguageRelated
Language
bobor out and proud
sundanese bobor capcai
fastquick chinese capcai
door-to-door to visit
english door-to-door
From Table 4.16, it could be seen that the process of borrowing in Bahasa Binan mostly appeared the same as the process of borrowing that happened in
Bahasa Indonesia. Therefore, it was seen that there were many similar words between Bahasa Binan and Bahasa Indonesia. Other than Bahasa Indonesia,
Bahasa Binan turned out to also borrow the words from some local dialects in Indonesia, such as Sundanese and Javanese.
Some Bahasa Binan words that were borrowed from local dialects were bobor and gondes. The word bobor, which meant “out and proud” in English, was
in fact borrowed from Sundanese. Regardless the meaning change in the word bobor, it was seen that the speakers of Bahasa Binan employed direct borrowing
since they did not change any morphological parts of the word. The word bobor actually meant “to have something open” in Sundanese as it was usually used to
describe the time “to break the fast” in Ramadan. However, the speakers of Bahasa Binan shifted the meaning of the word bobor into “out and proud,” which
was used to describe somebody that had declared himself as a gay person. Other than local dialects, it turned out that Bahasa Binan also borrowed
some words from foreign languages. In fact, the word capcay was a Chinese word to denote a kind of food with ten vegetables. The same case also happened to the
96 word “door-to-door,” which was borrowed from English. As how it happened in
most of the words borrowed from local dialects, the words borrowed from Chinese also performed the process of meaning shift. This fact was seen by
looking at the meaning of the word capcai, which was turned into “fastquick.” The writer concluded that the reason of using the word capcai in Bahasa Binan
was basically triggered by the rhyming sounds among the words capcai and cepat in Bahasa Indonesia.
Regardless the meaning shift, another phenomenon of direct borrowing appeared in the word door-to-door, which was borrowed from English. The
speakers of Bahasa Binan in fact shifted the meaning of the word “door-to-door” in English into “visit” simply because the word “door-to-door” in Indonesia was
commonly associated with the activity of coming “home-to-home” to sell products. Thus, the speakers of Bahasa Binan used the word door-to-door to
mean “to visit” or “to come over” merely because the word “door-to-door” in English shared the sense of “visiting” for Indonesian people
Based on the analysis, it was seen that the process of borrowing in Cockney and Bahasa Binan happened differently. Many times the speakers of
Cockney borrowed the words from English solely by considering the rhyming sounds between the Cockney words and the English words. Meanwhile, the case
of borrowing in Bahasa Binan did not always happen because of the rhyming sounds but also because of the meaning sense held by the words as it was seen in
the word door-to-door, which conveyed the sense “visiting” and the word bobor, which conveyed the sense “to open.”
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i. Internal Change in Cockney and Bahasa Binan
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