105 words that shared the same sounds in the final part of each word. The
phenomenon of sharing the same sound between words was defined as the process of rhyming sound. Therefore, it could be said that the words koni and domi were
actually the coined rhyming words in Bahasa Binan. However, there were also some cases of reduplication in Bahasa Binan
that used the words of Bahasa Indonesia. One of them was the word tari-tarian, which meant “having sex,” although actually in Bahasa Indonesia the word tari
meant “to dance.” It turned out that the speakers of Bahasa Binan borrowed the word tari and shifted the meaning of the word into “to have sex” simply because
they believed that the activity of having sex was as splendid as the activity of dancing or was sharing the same sense to “dance.” Therefore, the word tari-tarian
meant “to have sex continuously” in Bahasa Binan.
l. Tone Placement in Cockney and Bahasa Binan
O’Grady et al. 2010 claim that the meanings of words in a certain language could be differed according to how high the pitch used by the speakers
is. This signifies that the speakers could actually vary the meanings of words without changing the morphology of the words. They only need to vary the pitch
of the words instead. However, English and Bahasa Indonesia in fact are not tonal languages.
This means that the tone or pitch that is employed either in English or Bahasa Indonesia will not affect the meanings of the words. As English and Bahasa
Indonesia are not tonal languages, this affects the nature of Cockney and Bahasa Binan that are also not included into tonal languages. Therefore, the case of
106 meaning variation according to the pitch did not appear in Cockney and Bahasa
Binan.
m. Cliticization in Cockney and Bahasa Binan
O’Grady, et al. 2010 claim that cliticization happens when there is a morpheme that acts like a word could not basically stand alone in the language
usage. The morpheme is only able to stand when it is attached to the pair of the word and would be considered wrong if it is attached to the word that is not the
pair of it or if it stands alone without any host. Some of the clitics in English are “-‘m” that can only be attached to the word “I” and the word “-‘re” that only
deserves for the word “you,” “they” and other plural things while some clitics in Bahasa Indonesia are the morphemes “-lah” and “-tah.”
The case of cliticization in Cockney actually followed the case of cliticization in English. Since Cockney actually used exactly the same grammar as
English, the case of “-‘m,” “-‘re,” and “-‘s” would definitely happen in Cockney. Furthermore, it was found that the cases of cliticization in Cockney did not solely
happen in the field of grammar. The writer found that there were several words in Cockney that could be also regarded as clitics. Some of them are described in
Table 4.20.
Table 4.20: Cliticization in Cockney
Word Original Word
Meaning
didn’t ought did not ought
port ha’penny dip
half penny dip ship
penn’orth of chalk penny worth of chalk
walk
107 From Table 4.20, it was seen that the case of cliticization in Cockney was
not only limited to grammar. Instead, it also appeared in some common words in the language and in the negation. The case of clitic in negation appeared in the
word “didn’t ought,” which originally came from the word “did not ought.” However, the speakers of Cockney clipped the word “not” into “-n’t” to ease the
communication. Other words that turned out to have the same purpose were the words
“ha’penny dip” and “penn’orth of chalk.” The writer found that actually the word “ha’penny dip” came from the word “half penny dip,” which was clipped for the
sake of easing the speakers of Cockney to communicate. The same case also happened to the word “penn’orth of chalk,” which was clipped from the word
“penny worth of chalk.” Therefore, it could be concluded that the morpheme “ha- ,“ which was clipped from the word “half,” and some other morphemes such as
“penn-“ and “-orth” from the word “penny” and “worth” were the clitics in Cockney because they could not stand alone in the language use.
It was also seen that most of the time the clipped words were the phrases that could be understood by the speakers of English literally such as “didn’t
ought,” “ha’penny dip,” and “penn’orth of chalk.” It was also seen that the speakers of Cockney employed semantic shift by matching the final sounds of the
phrases to the intended words in English to avoid the lay people to understand the speech. In other words, it could be concluded that actually the process of rhyming
sound existed in this case.
108 This fact was seen clearly by comparing the word “dip” in the word
“ha’penny dip” to the word “ship” in English. The words “dip” and “ship” in fact behaved as the rhyming words that shared the same sounds in the final part of
each word. The same case also happened to the word “chalk” in the word “penn’orth of chalk,” which rhymed with the word “walk” in English. Since then,
the speakers of Cockney always used the word “penny’orth of chalk” to mean “walk” simply because the word “chalk” rhymed with the word “walk” in
English. The case of cliticization in Bahasa Binan appeared to be the same with the case of cliticization in Cockney and Bahasa Indonesia. Table 4.21 depicts
some words that are designated as clitics in Bahasa Binan.
Table 4.21: Cliticization in Bahasa Binan
Word Original Word
Meaning
garu’an garukan
raid ma’ci
banci gaytransvestite
mba’yu mbak Ayu
address for an older gaytransvestite
From Table 4.21, it was seen that the case of cliticization in Bahasa Binan followed precisely the case of cliticization in Cockney. In other words, it could be
said that most of the time the morphemes that were designated as clitics in Bahasa Binan were formed by shortening certain words in Bahasa Indonesia. This case
was different from the case of cliticization in Bahasa Indonesia that mostly dealt with the use of “-lah” and “-tah.”
The writer found that the morphemes “-lah” and “-tah” were actually the morphemes that were constituted from no words. However, the morpheme “-‘an”
109 in the word garu’an turned out to come from the word garukan, which was
shortened into garu’an. The same case also happened to the words ma’ci and mba’yu, which were shortened from the words banci and mbak ayu.
The writer saw that it was rather difficult to determine the host of the word mba’yu since all the words in the word mbak ayu were shortened. The same case
happened in the word ma’ci, which was shortened from the word banci to avoid the lay people to understand the speech of the speakers of Bahasa Binan. In other
words, it could be said the word ma’ci could only be understood and could convey a meaning when the morpheme “ma-“ and “-ci” were attached together. This
conclusion was also applied in the case of mba’yu since “mba-“ and “-yu” would not be able to stand alone unless they were attached together.
Those morphemes in fact also behaved as the morphemes that could not be attached to any other words. Therefore, “mba-” would be awkward if it was
attached to “-ci” as there was no word mba’ci exist in Bahasa Binan anyway. The same case also happened to the word ma’yu, which was semantically rejected by
the speakers of Bahasa Binan.
n. Backformation in Cockney and Bahasa Binan
