122 case broadening must have also happened in Cockney and Bahasa Binan as they
were the language variations of the source languages.
d. Narrowing in Cockney and Bahasa Binan
Akmajian, et al. 2001 define narrowing as the process of word modification in which the meanings of words are narrower than the previous
meanings. Narrowing is actually one of the processes of word modification that prevalently happens in any languages. The occurrence of narrowing in English
appears in the word “meat,” which was previously used to describe any edible things Akmajian, et al., 2001. The same case also happens to the word sarjana
in Bahasa Indonesia. The word “sarjana” was in fact used to describe all the people who were considered intelligent. However, nowadays the speakers of
Bahasa Indonesia often use it to refer to the people that have attained the bachelor degree in the university.
The writer believed that the phenomenon of narrowing must have also happened in Cockney and Bahasa Binan. This assumption was drawn because
actually the case of narrowing happened in English and Bahasa Binan, the source languages of Cockney and Bahasa Binan. However, due to the limitation of media
and source of information, the writer did not find any words that are described as narrowing words in the dictionary of Cockney and Bahasa Binan.
e. Semantic Drift in Cockney and Bahasa Binan
Akmajian, et al. 2001 say that many times the meanings of words in a language are not “merely composites of the meanings of their parts” p. 49.
Therefore, it can be said that meanings of words sometimes go beyond the
123 composite parts constituting the words. One of the English words that exemplify
the concept of semantic drift is the word “washable,” which in fact could only be used for the things that are made of fabric Akmajian, et al., 2001. It turns out
that the phenomenon of semantic drift is rather difficult to find. As there are limited source of information on semantic drift, the writer could not find any
phenomenon of semantic drift either in the dictionary of Cockney or the dictionary of Bahasa Binan that are being observed.
f. Reversal in Cockney and Bahasa Binan
Reversal is the process of word modification in which the sense of meaning of a certain word is turned either to be bad or to be good. One of the
English words that undergo the process of reversal is the word “bad,” which was previously used to express something that was good Akmajian, et al., 2001.
Another word that exemplifies this concept is the word pembantu, which is nowadays only used to refer to a maid although previously it meant professional
assistant. The writer found that the case of reversal also happened in Cockney. Table 4.26 lists some words that are considered to be reversal words in Cockney.
Table 4.26: Reversal in Cockney
Word Actual Meaning
Reversal
family lavatory
some people consider “toilet” more polite than “lavatory”
potatoes in the mold cold
cold many times refer to the people who are not friendly
124 Table 4.26 describes the occurrence of reversal in Cockney. The writer
believed that analyzing the phenomenon of reversal in Cockney took the same effect as analyzing the phenomenon of conversion. In other words, it could be said
that analyzing the reversal case in Cockney was equal to analyzing the reversal case in English. Therefore, the writer based the reversal analysis of Cockney and
Bahasa Binan on English and Bahasa Indonesia. This decision was taken by considering the nature of Cockney and Bahasa Binan, which were rooted from
English and Bahasa Indonesia. From Table 4.26, it was seen that the speakers of English used the word
“family” to refer to the word “lavatory.” The writer found that the meaning sense of the word “lavatory” nowadays turned to be less polite rather than the word
“toilet.” Therefore, the word “family” in Cockney indeed was considered less polite to use.
In fact, the word “cold” was also affected by the phenomenon of reversal in English. This was triggered by the fact that the common speakers of Cockney
were the English speakers that considered “cold” as a word that held negative sense. The word “cold,” which was replaced by the word “potatoes in the mold”
in Cockney, was previously used to describe “low temperature.” However, nowadays people in general frequently used the word to describe the “unfriendly
manner.” Thus, the people preferably used the word “cold” to mean somebody that was not warm or not friendly to other people.
The similar process then applied to the word “potatoes in the mold,” which was certainly used by the speakers of Cockney to refer to the “unfriendly”
125 manner. In other words, it could be concluded that the word “cold” underwent the
process of reversal, from having the meaning of “low temperature” to having the meaning “unfriendly” manner. The same phenomena also existed in Bahasa
Binan. Table 4.27 describes some reversals happening in Bahasa Binan.
Table 4.27: Reversal in Bahasa Binan
Word Actual Meaning
Reversal
adidas refer to a popular brand of shoes outdatedsimple
aida Mustafa refer to a popular name in
Indonesia AIDS
Table 4.27 depicts the phenomena of reversal in Bahasa Binan. The words Adidas, Aida Mustafa, and bawang were some words that were designated as the
reversals in Bahasa Binan. The word adidas was actually the generified word of a popular sport brand. However, nowadays the speakers of Bahasa Binan often used
the word Adidas to refer to the word ndesa or “outdatedsimple.” The word ndesa was actually a Javanese word to depict a characteristic of person that usually came
from a village and lived simple life. The sense of meaning was indeed the opposite of the actual sense of the brand Adidas, which was popular for the
modern and the best quality of sports shoes. The same case also happened to the word Aida Mustafa. The word Aida
Mustafa was actually one of the popular names of persons in Indonesia as there were many Indonesians named “Aida” or “Mustafa.” However, the writer found
that the speakers of Bahasa Binan used the word Aida Mustafa to mean AIDS, which was socially considered as a negative disease in Indonesia. This
126 phenomenon then showed the process of reversing the meaning as well as the
function of the word Aida Mustafa from a common name of people to a name of a disease on which the people put negative impressions.
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter aims at elaborating the conclusions of the overall study conducted by the writer on the kinds of word formation of Cockney and Bahasa
Binan. This chapter also describes the possible recommendations from the writer after conducting the study and the implications of the results to the English
learners and English teachers.
A. Conclusions
This study aims to answer one research question on the word formation process of Cockney and Bahasa Binan. The research question to address is “how
do the processes of word formation happen in Cockney and Bahasa Binan?” In order to answer the research question, the writer employed document analysis on
the dictionaries of Cockney and Bahasa Binan. The writer used the Cockney dictionary that was compiled by Duncan Wherrett 2010 and the Bahasa Binan
dictionary by Agung Soedjono, Ibhoed, and Adi Wahono 1995. From the study on the word formation of Cockney and Bahasa Binan, the
writer could conclude three things that become the major processes of word formation in Cockney and Bahasa Binan. The first conclusion was that the words
in Cockney and Bahasa Binan were basically the words that existed in English and Bahasa Indonesia. In other words, it could be said that most of the time the
speakers of Cockney and Bahasa Binan frequently employed the process of 127
