49 2005, pp. 150-151. Creswell 1998 claims that there are four processes in
document analysis, namely organizing data, examining data, classifying and analysing the data, and integrating and summarizing the data. The writer of this
study applied the process above to analyse the processes of word formation in Cockney and Bahasa Binan. The four efforts done in this study are described in
the next page.
1. Organizing the Data
To find the general glimpse of the object studied, the writer conducted scanning reading to the Cockney dictionary and the Bahasa Binan dictionary.
This strategy helped the writer to know the general nature of Cockney and Bahasa Binan. In the process of organizing the data, the writer developed tables in order
to summary the data according to the three major divisions of word formation processes, namely affixation, word modification, and meaning modification that
can be seen in Appendix A. Besides organizing the data, the tables were also used to record the
number of occurrences of the word formation processes. By recording the number of occurrences, the writer could identify the frequent word formation processes
that would help the writer to see the common similarities and differences of the word formation processes in Cockney and Bahasa Binan.
2. Examining the Data
The process was conducted to make sure whether the language element was reliable to study or not. This step was also taken to examine the data since
sometimes there were some data that did not belong to the common processes of
50 word formation. By conducting this process, the writer could know the nature of
word formation in Cockney and Bahasa Binan. The understanding on the general process and the nature of the word formation processes in Cockney and Bahasa
Binan was important to know because it bridged the writer to have an early interpretation on the issue being studied.
3. Classifying and Analysing the Data
This process helped the writer to see the words discretely by classifying each word based on the word formation processes. By having the classified data,
the writer could analyse the data according to the processes of word formation. The writer developed 26 tables in order to conduct this step.
The writer decided to use the same format of table for each word formation process. This decision was made in order to enable the writer as well as
the readers to have the comparison and contrast on the word formation processes of Cockney and Bahasa Binan. The blueprints 3.1 until 3.17 were the blueprints
of tables that were used by the writer to analyse the processes of word formation in Cockney and Bahasa Binan.
Table 3.1: The Blueprint of Coined Words in Language X
Language Word
Part of Speech Meaning
Cockney
Bahasa Binan
51 The writer developed Table 3.1 in order to analyse the process of coined
word in Cockney and Bahasa Binan. The writer provided columns for part of speech and meaning of the words in order to give further information about the
words in Cockney and Bahasa Binan either for the writer or the readers. By knowing the information, the writer could examine the words by comparing the
words with the existing words in English and Bahasa Indonesia. The words that were regarded as coined words were the words that were not listed in the
dictionaries of English and Bahasa Binan.
Table 3.2: The Blueprint of Acronyms, Alphabetic Abbreviations, Blends in Language X
Language Word
Extension Meaning
Cockney
Bahasa Binan
The writer developed Table 3.2 in order to analyse the processes of acronym, alphabetic abbreviation, and blend in Cockney and Bahasa Binan. The
writer used the same table format to analyse the processes of acronym, alphabetic abbreviation, and blend because basically the three word formation processes
happened by combining two or more words. Therefore, the writer developed the columns of extension and meaning in order to know the words constituting the
acronym, alphabetic abbreviation, and blend. The writer also provided the meaning column because the writer found that the speakers of Cockney and
52 Bahasa Binan many times shifted the actual meanings of the acronym, alphabetic
abbreviation, and blend.
Table 3.3: The Blueprint of Clippings and Cliticizations in Language X
Language Word
Original Word Meaning
Cockney
Bahasa Binan
The writer developed Table 3.3 to analyse the processes of clipping and cliticization in Cockney and Bahasa Binan. In analysing both processes, the writer
had to know the original words as well as the meanings of the words. Therefore, the writer provided the columns for original word and meaning in the table of
clipping and cliticization analysis. By knowing the original words and also the meanings, the writer could examine deeper the reasons of clipping and
cliticization in Cockney and Bahasa Binan since many times the reasons were driven by the rhyming sounds between the words and the meanings in English and
Bahasa Indonesia.
Table 3.4: The Blueprint of Generified Words and Proper Nouns in Language X
Language Word
Actual Meaning Meaning
Cockney
Bahasa Binan
53 Table 3.4 was the table blueprint to analyse the process of generified word
and proper noun in Cockney and Bahasa Binan. The process of generified word and proper noun dealt with the process of shifting the names of people, places, or
brands to perform as functional words in a language. Therefore, the writer developed the columns of actual meaning and the current meaning in order to see
the actual reasons of using the names as the functional words in Cockney and Bahasa Binan.
Table 3.5: The Blueprint of Borrowings in Language X
Language Word
Meaning Source Language
Cockney
Bahasa Binan
Table 3.5 was used to analyse the process of borrowing in Cockney and Bahasa Binan. The process of borrowing dealt with the process of identifying the
source languages of words. Since Cockney and Bahasa Binan are language variations, definitely their words in majority are borrowed from the source
languages, namely English and Bahasa Indonesia. However, the writer would like to know deeper information about the borrowed words by knowing what
languages that essentially influenced the vocabulary development of Cockney and Bahasa Binan were. Therefore, the writer developed the columns of meaning and
source language to analyse the process of borrowing.
54
Table 3.6: The Blueprint of Internal Changes and Suppletions in Language X
Language Word
Original Word Process
Meaning Cockney
Bahasa Binan
The writer developed Table 3.6 in order to analyse the processes of internal change and suppletion in Cockney and Bahasa Binan. The writer used the
same format of table for internal change and suppletion because basically both processes required the writer to know the original words as well as the meanings
of the words. By knowing the original words and the meanings, the writer could identify further the processes of internal change and suppletion by comparing the
words and the original words as well as determining the process of employing the processes.
Table 3.7: The Reduplications in Language X
Language Word
Type of Reduplication Meaning
Cockney
Bahasa Binan
Table 3.7 was used to analyse the process of reduplication in Cockney and Bahasa Binan. In analysing the process of reduplication, the writer had to
indentify the reduplication types of the words in Cockney and Bahasa Binan.
55 Therefore, the writer developed the column of reduplication type as well as the
column of meaning of the words.
Table 3.8: The Tone Placements in Language X
Language Word
Tone Placement Meaning
Cockney
Bahasa Binan
The writer developed Table 3.8 in order to analyse the process of tone placement in Cockney and Bahasa Binan. The writer developed the column of
tone placement to know the position of tone that differed the meanings of the words. The writer also developed the column of meaning so that the writer could
compare and contrast the meanings of words with high tone and low tone.
Table 3.9: The Blueprint of Backformations in Language X
Language Word
Meaning Backformation
Cockney
Bahasa Binan
Table 3.9 was used to analyse the process of backformation in Cockney and Bahasa Binan. The writer developed the column of meaning in order to know
the actual meaning of the words in English and Bahasa Indonesia. The meanings
56 of the words in English and Bahasa Indonesia enabled the writer to determine
whether the words underwent the process of backformation or not. The writer also used the information to determine the words that were backformed.
Table 3.10: The Blueprint of Onomatopoeias in Language X
Language Word
Meaning Onomatopoeic Sound
Cockney
Bahasa Binan
Table 3.10 was used to analyse the process of onomatopoeia in Cockney and Bahasa Binan. The process of onomatopoeia dealt with the process of
describing the sounds of nature. Therefore, the writer developed the column of onomatopoeic sound in order to know the basic function of the words in
describing the sounds of nature. The writer also developed the column of meaning since many times the speakers of Cockney and Bahasa Binan shifted the function
of the onomatopoeia words.
Table 3.11: The Blueprint of Conversions in Language X
Language Word
Part of Speech
Meaning Part of
Speech Meaning
Cockney
Bahasa Binan
57 Table 3.11 was the table used to analyse the process of conversion in
Cockney and Bahasa Binan. The process of conversion required the writer to identify the words that performed two functions of part of speech. Therefore, the
writer developed the columns of part of speech and meaning in order to see whether the difference in part of speech influenced the meanings of the words or
not. The writer developed two columns of part of speech and two columns of meanings so that the writer could compare the functions of the words both in
Cockney and Bahasa Binan separately.
Table 3.12: The Blueprint of Metaphorical Extensions in Language X
Languages Word
Actual Meaning Extended Meaning
Cockney
Bahasa Binan
Table 3.12 was to analyse the process of metaphorical extension in Cockney and Bahasa Binan. The writer provided the columns of actual meaning
and extended meanings since the analysis of metaphorical extension was related to identifying the extended scope of meaning of words. The column of actual
meaning aimed at accommodating the meaning before the modification of the words took place while the column of the extended meaning aimed at
accommodating the meanings of the words after the modification. Therefore, the writer could see both the unextended meanings and the extended meanings of the
words in Cockney and Bahasa Binan.
58
Table 3.13: The Blueprint of Broadenings in Language X
Language Word
Actual Meaning Broadened
Meaning Cockney
Bahasa Binan
Table 3.13 was used to analyse the process of broadening in Cockney and Bahasa Binan. The writer developed the columns of actual meaning and
broadened meaning to see the differences before and after the meanings were broadened. By doing so, the writer could determine whether the words performed
the process of broadening or not.
Table 3.14: The Blueprint of Narrowings in Language X
Language Word
Actual Meaning Narrowed Meaning
Cockney
Bahasa Binan
Table 3.14 was used to analyse the process of narrowing in Cockney and Bahasa Binan. As it happened in the process of broadening analysis, the writer
also provided the column of actual meaning and narrowed meaning. These columns aimed at helping the writer to see the differences of the word meanings
before and after they were narrowed.
59
Table 3.15: The Blueprint of Semantic Drifts in Language X
Language Word
Meaning Scope of
Meaning Cockney
Bahasa Binan
The writer developed Table 3.15 in order to analyse the process of semantic drift in Cockney and Bahasa Binan. The process of semantic drift
required the writer to analyse the meanings of the words that could only be applied for certain contexts. Therefore, the writer developed the columns of
meaning as well as the scope of the meaning.
Table 3.16: The Blueprint of Reversals in Language X
Language Word
Actual Meaning Reversed
Meaning Cockney
Bahasa Binan
Table 3.16 was used to analyse the process of reversal in Cockney and Bahasa Binan. The writer developed the columns of actual meaning and reversed
meaning so that the writer could compare the meanings of the words before and after they were reversed. By knowing that information, the writer was able to
determine whether the meanings of the words changed into positive or negative.
60
Table 3.17: The Blueprint of Derivational and Inflectional Morphology in Language X
Language Word
Meaning Morphology
Type of Affix Cockney
Bahasa Binan
The writer employed the same format of table to analyse the processes of derivational morphology and inflectional morphology as seen in Table 3.17. The
writer developed the morphological process column in order to give the information on the process of derivation or inflection. By knowing the process,
the writer was able to know the affixes employed and identify the affixation type.
4. Integrating and Summarizing the Data
