65 explanations elaborate the processes of word formation in Cockney and Bahasa
Binan.
1. Affixation in Cockney and Bahasa Binan
The affixation is the process in which the speakers of the language add affixes to the words in order to form the new words. The writer found that there
were many cases of affixation in Cockney and Bahasa Binan. Among the three types of affixation, namely prefix addition, suffix addition, and infix addition, the
case of suffix addition appeared as the case that happened more frequently both in Cockney and in Bahasa Binan. The explanations below elaborate the process of
affix attachment in Cockney and Bahasa Binan.
a. Multiple Affixation in Bahasa Binan
Syllable substitution is the part that mainly elaborates the phenomenon of word formation in Bahasa Binan according to the seven variations of Bahasa
Binan by Oetomo 2001. Oetomo 2001 provides some variations in Bahasa Binan, namely si- variation, -ong variation, -es variation, -i variation, -in-
variation, -se variation, and free mixing. Table 4.1 describes the process of multiplication that the writer found.
Table 4.1: Multiple Affixation
Word Root Word
belong bulu
beyes bayar
binan banci
cinse cina
kenti kontol
eses isap
66 The writer found that the phenomenon of seven variations could be
included within the discussion of affixation. However, the affixation in Bahasa Binan was different from the affixation in other languages since Bahasa Binan
employed more than one processes of affixation. In other words, it could be said that affixation in Bahasa Binan mostly employed multiple affixation. Among the
seven variations of Bahasa Binan, the writer only found five variations, namely - ong variation, -es variation, -se variation, -i variation, as well as one variation that
the writer found to only happen to the words with the letter “a,” “i,” “u,” “e,” and “o” as it is depicted in Table 4.1. The explanations below elaborate the five
variations found in the dictionaries of Cockney and Bahasa Binan.
1 -ong Variation
The first variation appeared was the -ong variation. Oetomo 2010 says that in order to form words in Bahasa Binan through -ong variation, the speakers
need to change the second letter in the first syllable with “e” and substitute the last letter with the affix -ong. The writer found that phenomenon of the affix -ong
addition required the speakers to add two affixes, namely the suffix -ong and the infix -e- at the same time. In other words, it could be concluded that both affixes
were the pair affixes that could not be separated. The word belong was actually a word that was constituted by combining
the affix -ong to the Bahasa Indonesia’s word bulu, which meant “hair” or “fur” in English. There were two syllables in the word bulu, namely “bu” and “lu“
with the letter “u” in each of the syllable. In order to form the word bulu into belong, the speakers of Bahasa Binan needed to change the letter “u” in the
67 syllable “bu” into “e” as well as to change the letter “u” in the syllable “lu” with
the affix -ong. Therefore, it was seen that there was a process of multiple affixation that required the speakers to change the parts that were located in the
middle with the infix or the letter -e- and in the last part of the word with the affix -ong.
The same case also happened to the word bencong. The word bencong was basically derived from the word banci, which meant a ladyboy or a transgender
person. There were two syllables in the word banci, i.e, the syllable “ban” and the syllable “ci” with the letter “a” in the first syllable and the letter “i” in the
second syllable. The writer found that in order to form the word banci into the word becong, the speakers were required to change the letter “a” with the letter
“e” as well as to change the letter “i” with the affix -ong at the same time.
2 -es Variation
The second variation appeared was -es variation as it was seen in the word beyes. According to Oetomo 2010, -es variation follows perfectly the way of
forming the word through -ong variation. The different thing only lies on the affix to attach. In -ong variation, the last letter in the last syllable is substituted by the
affix -ong while in -es variation the last word in the last syllable is substituted by the affix -es. Thus, the speakers of Bahasa Binan could adapt any words in
Bahasa Indonesia simply by changing the second letter in the first syllable into “e” and substituting the last syllable with -es.
The writer found that basically the word beyes was rooted from the word bayar, which meant to pay in English. There were two syllables, namely the
68 syllable “ba” and “yar” in the word bayar with the letter “a” in the first and in
the second syllable. In order to change the word bayar into beyes, the speakers of Bahasa Binan were required to change the letter “a” in the first syllable with “a”
as well as to change two last letters in the second syllable with the affix -es. This rule then governed all the words with the -es variation, such as the words dendes,
which was derived from the word dandan, and the word hemes whose root word was homo.
3 -in- Variation
The third variation was the -in- variation. The -in- variation was actually regarded as the infix addition in Bahasa Binan. The writer found that in order to
form the words with -in- variation, the speakers were required to insert the infix - in- in each of the syllable of the root word. The -in- variation was seen in the
word binan, which was rooted from the word banci. There were two syllables in the word banci, namely the syllable “ban” and the syllable “ci.”
In order to change the word banci into binan, the speakers should have inserted the infix -in- after the letter “b” in the first syllable and before the letter
“c” in the second syllable. Therefore, the word then became b-in-an-in-ci, which consisted of four syllables, namely “bi,” “na,” “nin,” and “ci.” Since the
addition of the infix turned the word to be long and difficult to be pronounced, the speakers of Bahasa Binan then employed deletion to the third and the fourth
syllable of the word binaninci. The same case also happened to the word lines. The word lines was
basically derived from the word lesbi, which meant lesbian in English. There were
69 two syllables in the word lesbi, namely the syllable “les” and the syllable “bi.”
The word then underwent the process of affix -in- insertion and became linesbini before it was finally deleted into lines in order to ease the communication of the
speakers.
4 -se Variation
The fourth variation was the -se variation. According to Oetomo 2010, to form the words in Bahasa Binan through -se variation, the speakers are only
required to substitute the last syllable of the intended words with affix -se without omitting the first consonant in the last syllable. The word cinse was actually
derived from the word cina, which meant Chinese in English. There were two syllables in the word cina, namely the syllable “ci” and the syllable “na” with the
letter “i” in the first syllable and the letter “a” in the second syllable. The writer found that in order to form the word cinse, the speakers were
required to only change the letter “i” in the last syllable of the word cina with the affix -se. The same case also happened to the word lakse, which was rooted from
the word laki in Bahasa Indonesia. There were two syllables in the word laki, i.e, “la” and “ki” with the letter “a” and “i” in the first and the last syllable. In order
to form the word lakse, the speakers of Bahasa Binan were in fact only required to substitute the letter “i” with the suffix -se.
5 -i Variation
The last variation found was the -i variation. The writer found that in order to form new words through the -i variation, the speakers were only required to
substitute the last syllable of the words with -i and change the second letter in the
70 first syllable with “e.” This fact was seen in the word kenti, which was derived
from the two-syllable word kontol. In order to change the letter kontol into kenti, the speakers were required to change the letter “o” in the syllable “kon” with the
letter “e” as well as to change last two letters in the second syllable “tol” with the affix -i.
6 e- Variation
The writer found that there was also another variation of Bahasa Binan that could be taken into consideration. This variation was actually the adaptation
of -ong variation and -es variation. However, this variation only happened if first letters of the base words were started by the letters “a,” “i,” “u,” “e,” and “o.”
This concept was seen in the word asli, which meant original in English. The word asli was constituted from two syllables “as” and “li” with the letter “a” in
the first syllable and the letter “i” in the last syllable. In order to change the letter asli into eslong, the speakers were required to change the letter “a,” which
preceded the word asli, into “e” as well as to change the letter “i” in the last syllable with the suffix -ong or -es. Therefore, the word then would become either
eslong or esles.
b. Derivational Morphology in Cockney and Bahasa Binan