99 bebong. The same case also happened to the word beyes and kenti in which the
letter “a” in the word bayar and the letter “o” in the word kontol turned into “e.” The writer saw that the purpose of employing the internal change in
Bahasa Binan was different from the purpose of internal change in Bahasa Binan. In fact, the speakers of Bahasa Indonesia employed the internal change in order to
elicit gender contrast while the speakers of Bahasa Binan employed the internal change to words in order to avoid the lay people to understand the speech. The
justification of this idea was seen in the words tenterong and tenteres, which were derived from the word tentara, which meant “soldier.” In fact, the words
tenterong and tenteres were changed not to indicate the gender contrast or grammar contrast but it was solely done as an effort of the speakers of Bahasa
Binan to avoid the lay people to know the conveyed messages as well as to elicit the sense of belonging of the language. This fact was in par with a statement of
Boellstorff 2004 who claims Bahasa Binan as a register belonging, which is used to embrace the speakers of Bahasa Binan.
j. Suppletion in Cockney and Bahasa Binan
O’Grady, et al 2010 say that suppletion is the process of changing the entire parts of the words to indicate grammar contrast. One of the examples of
suppletion in English is the verb “go,” which is totally changed into went to indicate the past tense. The case of suppletion in Cockney happened perfectly the
same as how it happened in English. This phenomenon was seen in the word “these and those,” which meant
“clothes” in English. The word “these and those” actually came from the word
100 “this and that,” which performed the process of suppletion since the speakers
totally change the form of the word “this and that” into “these and those.” Although some people regarded the changes of the word “this and that” into
“these and those” as the phenomenon of internal change, the writer saw that the word actually performed the suppletion process. This assumption was drawn by
considering the parts that were changed in “this” and “that” were not only in the middle but also in the last part of the words. Moreover, the reason of changing the
word totally into another form was not to indicate the grammar contrast. It was instead to indicate the pluralization of the word “this and that.”
Unfortunately, the case of suppletions did not happen in Bahasa Binan. This reason was triggered by the nature of Bahasa Indonesia that did not change
the form of the words to indicate grammar contrast or tenses. Therefore, Bahasa Binan as the language variation of Bahasa Indonesia followed the nature of
Bahasa Indonesia perfectly.
k. Reduplication in Cockney and Bahasa Binan
Akmajian, et al. 2001 claim that reduplication happens when a specific part of a word is repeated to indicate the plural form of a word. O’Grady, et al.
2010 add the definition above by saying that reduplication many times is also used to mark grammatical or semantic contrast of the word. Some of the
reduplications in English and Bahasa Indonesia are “bye-bye,” pontang-panting, and “super-duper.” From those three words, it could be seen that basically each
reduplication had a word that performed as the headword. In other words, it could be said that one of the words in the reduplication must have acted as the
101 complementary words in order to elicit the sense of plurality, grammatical, or
semantic contrast. The writer saw that actually the headword of the exact reduplication
“super-duper” was “super” as the word “duper” did not convey any meaning in English. Therefore, the headword of “bye-bye” then must have been the first word
in the expression, namely “bye.” The way to determine the headword of reduplication in Bahasa Indonesia was also the same as the way to determine the
headword in English reduplication. The writer found that the word sayur-mayur, which meant “vegetables” in
English, also consisted of a headword and a complementary word. From the word sayur-mayur, it was seen that the headword of the reduplication was the word
sayur as the word mayur actually did not convey any meanings in Bahasa Indonesia. However, sometimes the headword of reduplication in Bahasa
Indonesia was also the second word of the expression. This phenomenon was seen in the word pontang-panting, which meant
“pell-mell” in English. In fact, the word pontang did not convey meanings in Bahasa Indonesia. In other words, it could be said that the word pontang was only
the complementary word of the headword panting, which meant “to throw away.” The writer found that the case of rhyming reduplication in Cockney was different
from the case of rhyming reduplication in English and Bahasa Indonesia. Some of the words that were found as rhyming reduplications in Cockney are described in
Table 4.18.
102
Table 4.18: Reduplication in Cockney
Word Type of Reduplication
Meaning
army and navy rhyming reduplication
gravy bits and bats
ablaut reduplication knick-knacks
loop the loop exact reduplication
soup
From Table 4.18, it was seen that the first words and the second words in the reduplications actually did not support each other to convey the intended
meanings of the expressions in English. Therefore, there were no headwords and complementary words in those expressions. This fact was seen in the word “army
and navy,” which meant “gravy” in English. It turned out that the word “army,” which was supposed to perform as the headword, did not contribute much to
constitute the meaning “gravy.” The same anomaly also happened in the word “bit and bat,” which meant “knick-knack,” and the word “loop the loop,” which meant
“soup.” The first words in each expression basically did not perform as the headwords of the reduplications.
The writer found that reduplication in Cockney was primarily driven by the rhyming sounds between the reduplications and the meanings in English. In
other words, it could be said that the word “army and navy” was chosen to match the intended word “gravy” in English. Therefore, the real meaning of “army” and
“navy” was actually not deeply considered. The same case also happened to the word “bit and bat.” The word “bit and bat” was actually the example of ablaut
reduplication phenomenon in Cockney. This conclusion was drawn by considering the existence of the vowel letter change of “i” to the letter “a” in the
word “bit” and “bat.” However, it was seen that the process of changing the letters
103 was not meant to make the plural form of the word “bit.” The main purpose of the
Cockney speakers to reduplicate the word “bit” into “bit and bat” was simply because the word “bit and bat” rhymed with the intended English word “knick-
knack.” The same case also happened to the word “loop the loop,” which in fact
represented the case of exact reduplication in Cockney. It turned out that the reason of Cockney speakers to reduplicate the word “loop” was because the word
“loop” rhymed with the word “soup” in English. Moreover, “loop the loop” was a popular word that was used to describe the circle maneuver of an airplane so that
the speakers of Cockney would find it easy to use the word since they were familiar with the word “loop the loop.” The case of reduplication also happened in
Bahasa Binan. Table 4.19 describes some reduplications happened in Bahasa Binan.
Table 4.19: Reduplication in Bahasa Binan
Word Type of Reduplication
Meaning
jeli-jeli exact reduplication
licking koni dan domi
rhyming reduplication condom
Table 4.19 describes some reduplications in Bahasa Binan. The writer found that there were only two kinds of reduplications, namely exact
reduplication and rhyming reduplication. One of the examples of exact reduplication in Bahasa Binan was jeli-jeli, which meant jilat-jilat or “to lick
repeatedly.” It was seen that the principle of exact reduplication in Bahasa Binan was actually the same as the principle of exact reduplication that happened in
104 Bahasa Indonesia since it was used to describe the repeated action of licking.
However, the writer found that the case of exact reduplication in Bahasa Binan was different from the case of exact reduplication in Cockney. This conclusion
was drawn by considering the tendency of the Cockney speakers to borrow all words from the source language.
This phenomenon appeared in the word “loop the loop,” which was borrowed from English. However, the speakers of Bahasa Binan usually coined
the new words that sounded alike to the intended words in Bahasa Indonesia rather than borrowing the words from Bahasa Indonesia. This case was seen in
the word jeli-jeli, which phonologically sounded alike to the word jilat-jilat in Bahasa Indonesia.
It turned out that the speakers of Bahasa Binan coined a new word jeli to replace the word jilat so that the speakers of Bahasa Indonesia would not
understand what actually the speakers of Bahasa Binan talked about. Furthermore, the speakers of Bahasa Binan then duplicated the word jeli to elicit
the sense of repetition so that they would use the word jeli-jeli to mean “repeatedly actions of licking.” Therefore, it could be said that the processes of
word formation in Bahasa Binan was not only relying on borrowing the words in the source language that rhyme with the intended words but also coining the
words in order to enrich the vocabulary of the language as well as distracting people’s understanding.
The same case also happened to the rhyming reduplication in Bahasa Binan. The word koni dan domi, which meant “condom,” were actually the coined
105 words that shared the same sounds in the final part of each word. The
phenomenon of sharing the same sound between words was defined as the process of rhyming sound. Therefore, it could be said that the words koni and domi were
actually the coined rhyming words in Bahasa Binan. However, there were also some cases of reduplication in Bahasa Binan
that used the words of Bahasa Indonesia. One of them was the word tari-tarian, which meant “having sex,” although actually in Bahasa Indonesia the word tari
meant “to dance.” It turned out that the speakers of Bahasa Binan borrowed the word tari and shifted the meaning of the word into “to have sex” simply because
they believed that the activity of having sex was as splendid as the activity of dancing or was sharing the same sense to “dance.” Therefore, the word tari-tarian
meant “to have sex continuously” in Bahasa Binan.
l. Tone Placement in Cockney and Bahasa Binan
