15 use facial features, kinesics, body language, and other nonverbal cues
along with verbal language to convey meanings, and 16
develop and use a battery of speaking strategies, such as emphasizing key words, rephrasing, providing a context for interpreting the meaning
of words, appealing for help, and accurately assessing how well your interlocutor is understand you.
Students are said to be successful speakers if they master all the skills above. Thus the teacher needs to reinforce the students to comprehend
the language features through practicing and drilling some words and pronouncing them with appropriate manner. It is also necessary for the
teacher to consider the situations where the communication happens and the participants involved in the communication so that shehe can conduct
appropriate activities for the students. Therefore, besides reinforcing students to learn language aspects, the teacher needs to teach them to
consider the other appropriate things such as participants and the situations when they want to speak.
d. Criteria of Good Speaking Skills
Speaking is not simply expressing something orally. There are some aspects that need to be acquired by students to have good speaking skills.
Those are pronunciation, fluency, accuracy and vocabulary Brown, 2001:268. The explanations of each are as follows:
1 Pronunciation Pronunciation is the way a certain sound or sounds are produced
Longman Dictionary, 2002:429. It covers the way for speakers to produce clear language when they speak. To be able to have a
successful communication, the speaker of a language needs to be able to
understand each other with relative ease Nunan, 2003:112. It means that the speaker has to be able to give clear message to the listeners.
Teaching pronunciation including stress, rhythm, and intonations is very important in speaking.
2 Fluency Fluency is also an important aspect in speaking. Fluency is the
ability to speak quickly and automatically Harris and Hodges, 1995:14. It implies that a fluent speaker is a person who can use the
language quickly and automatically in a conversation. It can be said that the ability to keep going the conversation naturally when speaking
spontaneously. Thus, the activities focused on fluency are needed to be conducted by the teacher.
3 Accuracy Accuracy is the ability to produce grammatically correct sentences
or utterances Longman Dictionary, 2002:204. Brown 2001:268 also adds that a speaker is said to be accurate if heshe produces clear,
articulate, grammatically and phonologically correct language. It means that to speak accurately the speaker needs to follow the rules of the
language such as grammar and structure. In this case, the teacher can give grammar, structure and many other exercises to improve accuracy
of the students. 4 Vocabulary
Vocabulary is a set of lexemes, including single words, compound words, and idioms Longman Dictionary, 2002:580 that are typically
used when talking about something. Burton 1982:98 stated that without a large vocabulary, it is impossible to use English precisely and
vividly. It means that vocabulary is one of the aspects which have to be learnt if someone wants to speak in English. A speaker of a foreign
language will speak fluently and accurately if he or she masters enough vocabulary and has capability to use it accurately. Therefore, the
teacher should conduct activities to improve students‘ vocabulary mastery for example through drilling.
e. Difficulties in Speaking
