Ablative-case marked demonstratives used as locative source Demonstrative determiners modifying nouns and NPs

hi-pa bet. TE63 this-PL2 COP ‘Those who experience hardships for no reason, are these ones.’ Table 5.1. Proximal and distal demonstrative pronouns with case markings Case Proximal SG Proximal PL Distal SG Distal PL ABS hi-ko u-ko -pa ABS hi-pa u-pa -na IN hi-na u-na -tu LOC hi-tu u-tu -ki GEN hi-ki hi-p-e u-ki u-p-e -ki ERG hi-ki hi-p-e u-ki u-p-e -ki INS hi-ki hi-p-e u-ki u-p-e -la DAT hi-la, hi-ko-la hi-pa-la u-la, u-ko-la u-pa-la -ni ABL hi-ni hi-pa-ni u-ni u-pa-ni As can be seen from table 5.1, the compound pronouns hi-ko and u-ko occur only in absolutive case and very rarely combine with dative case, hi-ko- la, u-ko-la. Since these demonstratives are free pronouns they may function as the head of a demonstrative phrase as well. The structure of a DEMP is as follows a hyphen indicates a suffix and brackets mark optionality: DEM -PL2 ADVP QUANT =FOC DEFINDF -CASE

5.1.2 Ablative-case marked demonstratives used as locative source

The following examples illustrate how the proximal and distal demonstratives hini and uni are used with motion verbs as a locative source. 5.9 khit- raŋ hi-ni dʑuk. 2PL-self this-ABL run.away[IMP] ‘Go away from here’ This refers to the location of the speech act. 5 .10 juŋ-ni u-ni mal-la ʈhø-na juŋ-ni come-NFNT2 that-ABL down-DAT flee-NFNT1 come-NFNT2 mikma ɕuŋmara hassøt hi-ni mal-la tɕhe. TE17 mikma shungmara VIP this-ABL down-DAT do;VBZR[PST] ‘After Mikma Shungmara had run down from higher up there, he fled from here down.’ In this story the deictic center is where the speech act takes place, Chepuwa village. The villain of the story is wounded and has been running down from higher than the village u- ni mal-la and then he runs even lower down from Chepuwa hi- ni mal-la. In section 5.1.7 there are examples of how proximal and distal demonstratives are also used as temporal relators between clauses.

5.1.3 Demonstrative determiners modifying nouns and NPs

A noun or a NP may be surrounded by demonstrative determiners on both sides. The speaker marks a participant or a topic as highlighted and also helps the hearer to identify what he is talking about. Semantically Lhomi demonstrative determiners work very much the same way as the English demonstrative determiners ‘this’ and ‘that’ see Givón 2001:97. Grammatically the Lhomi counterparts are quite different which can be seen in the following formula and examples that follow. The structure is as follows hyphen stands for a morpheme break and brackets for optionality: DEM-GEN N ADVP QUANT DEM -PL2 DEF QUANT -CASE In this formula the demonstrative determiner which precedes the head noun is either proximal SG hi-ki or distal SG u-ki and always marked in genitive case. If the determiner precedes the head noun, then on the right hand side either DEM or DEF is obligatory. Otherwise only the head noun is obligatory. As for why the demonstrative complement of the head noun is in genitive case u- ki, hi-ki, it seems that it marks the location of the head noun. The following examples illustrate this. 5.11 hi-ki khim hi-ko ŋ-e hinpet. this-GEN house this-head 1SG-GEN COP.EXPCOP ‘This house is mine.’ As for the copula there are two options. If the speaker uses the first one he puts more focus on the fact that the house is his. 5.12 u-ki khim u-ko aku tshiriŋ-ki bet. that-GEN house that-head uncle tshiring-GEN COP ‘That house is uncle Chiring’s.’ 5.13 hi-ni u-ki mi khajet di kurik loŋ-na this-ABL that-GEN man plural DEF all rise.up-NFNT1 u-la ɕu-wa ga-ntikma dʑak-ken bet. TE49 that-DAT request-NMLZ;Q be.pleased-ADJVZR VBZR-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘Then all those men rise up and make a firm formal request to her.’ The reference is to all those people and relatives who are present in the house. The begging is addressed to a feminine god. 5.14 sattsip t ɕik-ki u-ki mi khajet di-la khit ma di secretary INDF-ERG that-GEN man plural DEF-DAT 2PL CONTR1 DEF d ʑaapu-la ɖa tɕhik-ken di su su him=pa? d ʑaabu-DAT enmity do;VBZR-NMLZ;CONJ DEF who who COP.EXP=Q ‘One of the secretaries puts this question to all those men: In fact which ones of you are those who oppose Jyaabu?’

5.1.4 Spatial demonstratives