The allative case sillcdd 34.
6.10 The allative case
In Lhomi, allative ALL typically expresses motion towards the referent but also location which is not accurately specified and therefore it means ‘around, to, towards, in the area of, in the vicinity of’. The allative case marker combines with nouns, NPs, demonstratives, proper place names, and question words. 6.30 hi-ni sajep-so miki-nala t ɕhøn-tɕuŋ. TE3 this-ABL sajib-PL1 far.down-ALL come[HON]-PST.EXP ‘Then Sahib’s family arrived down there.’ Speaker does not specify the location because it is known to the hearer. The speech act takes place in Chepuwa and the reference is to a lower place two days walk from Chepuwa. 6.31 t ɕheppa dʑak-kin dʑak-kin sempuŋ-nala juŋ-en. TE3 rain VBZR-NMLZ VBZR-NMLZ sempung-ALL come-1PST ‘While it was raining I came to Sempung village area.’ 6.32 jak kha-nala soŋ. TE32 yak where-ALL go[PST.VIS] ‘To what direction have the yaks gone?’ This is less specific than kha-la. Speaker asks this question to himself. There is no answer because yaks have gone away like wild animals. 6.33 jari khaŋtok-nala dze-ni thokɕak or-na some roof-ALL climb-NFNT2 shingle pull.out-NFNT1 nuk t ɕhi-na phir-na ʈhø-nar-a bet. TE34 this.way do;VBZR-NFNT1 jump-NFNT1 escape-COMPL-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘Some climbed up towards the roof, pulled out the shingles, jumped down and excaped.’ These men were inside the house and the door was bolted from outside. They managed to flee through the roof. 6.34 iki-nala dzarok thaŋ rika-la nuk tɕhi-na far.up.there-ALL crevasse and forest-DAT this.way do;VBZR-NFNT1 ʈhø-na khur-ni ni jeŋ mit-tshuu-ken bet. TE34 flee-NFNT1 carry-NFNT2 DM search NEG-be.able-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘After they had run away to higher altitude, rocky forested area, no one was able to look for them.’ This is from the same story that tells how police try to find the men but they always run away into the forest before the police arrive.6.11 The vocative case
Parts
» Human classifier -pa, HUM1 Human classifier -paa, HUM2
» Marking plural in noun stems, PL1
» Marking plural in noun stems, NPs, and demonstratives
» Quantifiers marking plural of count nouns
» Numerals marking plural of count nouns
» Quantifiers modifying mass nouns
» baalik rii rii hat Cardinal numerals
» Marking the group of participants on numerals
» Ordinal numerals Partitive numerals
» Demonstratives as free pronouns
» Distal remote spatial demonstratives
» Indefinite spatial demonstratives Ablative marked demonstratives marking temporal linkage
» The ablative case The instrumental case
» The locative case The inessive case
» The allative case sillcdd 34.
» The vocative case sillcdd 34.
» Postpositions with genitive complements
» Postpositions with absolutive complements Postpositions with comitative complements
» Traces of grammatical gender in adjectives
» Derivational operators that produce adjectives from nouns, postpositions, and adverbs
» Derivational operators that produce adjectives from verbs
» Manner adverbs modifying the following verb
» Expressive manner adverbs Manner clauses modifying the finite verb
» Nominalized manner clauses as complements of a noun or NP More generic manner adverbs
» Specific time Adverbs of time
» Relative time Adverbs of time
» Adverbs that modify a NP or a whole clause Reversed conditional and emphatic adverbs
» Epistemic adverbs Adverbs of intensity
» Imparting new information Clitics
» Speaker’s embarassment and frustration
» Disclaimer or ‘hearsay’ particle Mirative particle
» Determination particle Speaker’s corrective particle
» Speaker’s rectifying particle Hearer’s agreement particles
» Confirmation Speaker’s compassionate attitude
» Speaker’s acceptance or call for acceptance
» Speaker’s call for attention
» Speaker’s emphatic call for attention
» Speaker’s response or call for response
» Morphophonemic vowel changes in verb roots
» Semantically empty grammatical heads
» Phonological and morphological note about negative prefixes
» Negated existential copulas Negated equative copular verbs
» Backward spreading of negation Double negation
» Conjunctdisjunct agreement patterns In bi-transitive verbs
» An alternative way to analyze conjunct marker -ken
» Speakerhearer’s direct experience with the action or the event of a finite verb, which is
» Speaker’s inference based on visual results of an event
» Speakerhearer’s direct sensory observation of the event of a finite verb marked by -
» Speakerhearer’s direct sensory observation of the process of a finite verb marked by -kuk
» Speakerhearers direct sensory observation marked in existential copulas
» Speaker’s inference from circumstantial evidence
» Speakerhearer’s assumed evidential based on general knowledge
» Speaker’s source of information is direct speech, quotative
» Speaker’s source of information is “hearsay”
» roo uko- Intransitive clause
» Possessive copular clause Descriptive copular clause Locational copular clause
» Evidentials Judgements Epistemic modality
» Abilitive ‘be able to’ Modal verb ‘attempt to’
» Abilitive ‘know how’ Modal attitude verbs
» Modal verb ‘want todesire to’
» Aspectual verbs marking inception
» Aspectual verb marking initiation Aspectual verb marking completion
» Clauses which have lexically empty verb heads and no nominal argument Verb nominalizers
» Prenominal relative clause with external head
» Headless relative clause Relative clauses
» Internally headed relative clause Non-restrictive relative clause
» Subject relative clause in finite position Object relative clause in finite position
» Correlative clauses Relative clauses
» Simple question Alternative questions affirmative–affirmative
» Alternative questions affirmative–negated Content questions
» Tag questions Interrogative clausesentence
» Punctiliar imperative Honorific imperative
» Speaker centered imperative Imperatives
» Honorific precative Hortative Emphatic hortative
» Non-proximate non-immediative imperative sillcdd 34.
» Pronouncing a curse or a blessing
» Subordinate purpose clause Adverbial clauses
» Subordinate conditional clause Adverbial clauses
» Subordinate concessive clause Adverbial clauses
» Subordinate substitutive clause Subordinate simultaneous clause
» Subordinate reason clause marked by t
» Subordinate reason clause marked by NMLZ -pa and DAT case
» Subordinate temporal end point Subordinate temporal onset point
» Subordinate additive clause Adverbial clauses
» Non-final temporal sequence Serial verb constructions
» Non-final means–result relation Non-final manner relation
» Completive aspect in serial chaining
» Benefactive construction Serial verb constructions
» Serial chaining and imperative finite verb Negation with shared subject
» Complementizer =tu Complement clauses
» Complementizer -ri Complement clauses
» Complementizer -lu Complementizer - Complement clauses
» Complementizer -le Complementizer -ro
» Complementizer -t Complement clauses
» Complementizer -ken Complement clauses
» Complementizer -pa with PCU matrix verbs
» Complementizer -pa with the matrix verb nø Double embedding complementations
» ‘Therefore’ relator ‘If that is the case’ sentence relator
» ‘Nevertheless, however, despite’ relators ‘Both and’ paratactic relator
» Exception sentence relator ma di
» Exception sentence relator Sentence relators
» ‘Tail-head’ sentence relator Groundsreason sentence relator
» Contrastive relation in paired clauses
» Exception contrast Co-ranking structures
» Elaboration, paraphrase, amplification, exemplification, and frustration
» DM marking a non-finite clause
» DM marking a NP and other syntactic units
» hassøt marking a prominent participant in a narrative
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