The vocative case sillcdd 34.

6.10 The allative case

In Lhomi, allative ALL typically expresses motion towards the referent but also location which is not accurately specified and therefore it means ‘around, to, towards, in the area of, in the vicinity of’. The allative case marker combines with nouns, NPs, demonstratives, proper place names, and question words. 6.30 hi-ni sajep-so miki-nala t ɕhøn-tɕuŋ. TE3 this-ABL sajib-PL1 far.down-ALL come[HON]-PST.EXP ‘Then Sahib’s family arrived down there.’ Speaker does not specify the location because it is known to the hearer. The speech act takes place in Chepuwa and the reference is to a lower place two days walk from Chepuwa. 6.31 t ɕheppa dʑak-kin dʑak-kin sempuŋ-nala juŋ-en. TE3 rain VBZR-NMLZ VBZR-NMLZ sempung-ALL come-1PST ‘While it was raining I came to Sempung village area.’ 6.32 jak kha-nala soŋ. TE32 yak where-ALL go[PST.VIS] ‘To what direction have the yaks gone?’ This is less specific than kha-la. Speaker asks this question to himself. There is no answer because yaks have gone away like wild animals. 6.33 jari khaŋtok-nala dze-ni thokɕak or-na some roof-ALL climb-NFNT2 shingle pull.out-NFNT1 nuk t ɕhi-na phir-na ʈhø-nar-a bet. TE34 this.way do;VBZR-NFNT1 jump-NFNT1 escape-COMPL-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘Some climbed up towards the roof, pulled out the shingles, jumped down and excaped.’ These men were inside the house and the door was bolted from outside. They managed to flee through the roof. 6.34 iki-nala dzarok thaŋ rika-la nuk tɕhi-na far.up.there-ALL crevasse and forest-DAT this.way do;VBZR-NFNT1 ʈhø-na khur-ni ni jeŋ mit-tshuu-ken bet. TE34 flee-NFNT1 carry-NFNT2 DM search NEG-be.able-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘After they had run away to higher altitude, rocky forested area, no one was able to look for them.’ This is from the same story that tells how police try to find the men but they always run away into the forest before the police arrive.

6.11 The vocative case

Lhomi does not have a common vocative case marker as such. However in addressing someone the noun raŋ ‘self’ is compounded to the term of address, such as kinship term, name rarely or title to mark a vocative case. The meaning can be glossed into English like ‘uncle yourself, lama yourself’, etc. Reflexive pronouns are constructed in the same way see section 3.5.2. Lhomi does have a proper honorific vocative case marker -laa. This marker attaches to titles, proper names, and kinship terms. The following examples illustrate the honorific vocative case marker and how the word raŋ marks the common vocative case. 6.35 hunto aku- raŋ mennak-ki liŋ-la jøk-ken bek=o. TE51 now uncle-self darkness-GEN totality-DAT EXIST-NMLZ;CONJ AUX=NEW.INF ‘I inform you, uncle, that now you are in complete darkness.’ Lama is addressing the soul of a dead man in post mortem rites. 6.36 ni u-na aku nit ɕa-raŋ thaŋpuwa dʑaapuwa jøʈ-ʈo. that-IN uncle 2SG[HON]-self healthy strong EXIST-PROB ‘Perhapshopefully you, uncle, are in good health.’ The writer of a letter hopes that the recipient is in good health. 6.37 ha na aku d ʑentser-raŋ en-ɕuk-la loŋ-let. now RSPNS uncle d ʑendzen-self first-end-DAT rise.up-SCI ‘Now, uncle Jyendzen, rise up first’ This is a polite command addressed to a group of men and therefore the name must be used. 6.38 ha mimi-laa tø tø khan ʈa now respected lama-VOC[HON] look[IMP] look[IMP] what puu-t ɕe mip-pa TE42 offer-SBJV NEG.EXIST-NMLZ;Q ‘Respected lama, look I have nothing to offer you’ This is a proper honorific vocative marker which is attached to kinship terms and titles. 7 Postpositions and postpositional phrases In Lhomi the complement of a postposition P is either a noun, a NP, a pronoun, or a nominalized clause NP. It is the postposition or the following article which gets the case marking. Lhomi also has honorific postpositions. Table 7.1 lists some of them. There are three types of complements: those marked in genitive case, those in absolutive case, and those in comitative case. It is the first type which is the most common. Typically a postpositional phrase PP fills the IO argument in a Lhomi clause. The following formula describes the possible components of a PP: N ADJ QUANTNUM DEFINDF-GEN P -CASE DEF -CASE

7.1 Postpositions with genitive complements