Nominalized manner clauses as complements of a noun or NP More generic manner adverbs

This is what a storm did to vegetables and trees. 9.8 khit- raŋ hop nø-p-e ʈhim mat-tɕøt. 2PL-self EXPR think-NMLZ;Q-GEN law NEG-cut[IMP] ‘Do not judge without thinking Or: Do not pass thoughtless judgment’ Lit: ‘Do not pass judgement of quick thinking’

9.1.3 Manner clauses modifying the finite verb

9 .9 jaŋ hi-ntuk tɕhi-na laŋkak-la dit-na keri CONTR2 this-ADVZR do;VBZR-NFNT1 trail-DAT chase-NFNT1 leader.sheep mit-na ɕʏli mit-ɖo-ken bet. TE30 NEG.EXIST-NFNT1 at.all NEG-go-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘Actually if the shepherd leads his sheep on trail in this way and he has no leader sheep, the fold will not move at all.’ Lit. ‘...in this way doing...’ Speaker tells about the work of a sheep shepherd. 9.10 u-ntuk t ɕhi-na mentaa that-ADVZR do;VBZR-NFNT1 only luk so mit-tshuu-ken bet. TE30 sheep raise NEG-be.able-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘Unless the shepherd does it in that way, he will not be able to raise the sheep.’ 9 .11 ŋa lhø tɕhi-na juŋ-en. 1SG easily do;VBZR-NFNT1 come-1PST ‘I came walking slowly.’ The adverb signals the manner of walking, slowly without any hurry.

9.1.4 Nominalized manner clauses as complements of a noun or NP

The following examples illustate nominalized manner clauses that function as complements of a noun or NP. 9.12 u-ntuk t ɕhi-p-e miite-la that-ADVZR do;VBZR-NMLZ;Q-GEN example-DAT ta-t ɕe mit-juŋ-ken bet. look.at-SBJV NEG-come-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘We should not follow the example of doing that way.’ Or We should not follow that kind of example. Here the nominalized manner clause is the complement of the noun miite. 9 .13 ŋinjaa kurik-ki kha-ntuk tɕhi-p-e tin relative all-ERG what-ADVZR do;VBZR-NMLZ;Q-GEN dedicated.thing thaŋ ɕaapa gø-kuk=kak sik-ken bet. TE49 and apology.offering need.to-PROG;VIS=Q say-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘Then all the relatives say, “What kind of a dedicated thing and apology offering is needed?”’ Lit. ‘…dedicated thing and apology offering of what kind…’ Speaker is describing the ways of shamanistic healers in the village. The underlined NP is a nominalized manner clause which is the complement of the head NP tin thaŋ ɕaapa.

9.1.5 More generic manner adverbs

Table 9.3 and the examples that follow illustrate additional generic manner adverbs. Table 9.3. Generic manner adverbs ɕuŋtɕoŋ ‘right away, directly, non-stop’ lamsaŋ ‘non-stop, without stopping’ 9.14 ni u-ko ka t ɕik lam ɕuu-na ʈap-soŋ-na that-head order one path enter-NFNT1 go.away-PST.VIS-NFNT1 ɕuŋtɕoŋ ʈap ɖo-ken bet. TE32 directly go.away go-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘If it gets going and has left, it walks away non-stop.’ Or: ‘Once it has left it goes non- stop.’ Speaker tells about yaks and how they may leave the fold and run away. The adverb modifies the finite verb, walking away without stopping. Note that the nonfinite conditional clause is marked for past tense but the finite clause is nonpast. The explanation is that the state described in the finite clause is true only if the event of the conditional clause has materialized. 9.15 u-ki kett ɕa u-ko ŋit-la ɕuŋtɕoŋ that-GEN story that-head 2PL.EXCL-DAT directly ɕøt-ro tɕhi. speak-AID do;VBZR[IMP] ‘Please do tell us that story without hiding anything’ For more about manner clauses see section 18.10.3.

9.2 Adverbs of time