Complementizer -lu Complementizer - Complement clauses

sin-na t ɕik-taŋ tɕik-la [ tam ʈhi-ri ] tsi-ja bet. say-NFNT1 one-COM one-DAT talking enquire-RECP heed-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘They enquired from each other saying, “Who in the world is this?”’

18.11.3 Complementizer -lu

When the noun luu ‘cast, concept’ compounds with a verb the outcome is a noun which entails the idea of how something is done, how something happens, etc. The following examples illustrate it. 18.201 hat ɕa-raŋ-s-ø kettɕok hiko khok-kaa-ki kettɕok-taŋ 1PL.INCL-self-PL1-GEN language this Nepali-HUM2-GEN language-COM mit- ɖik-ken tɕhi-ni NEG-harmonize-NMLZ;CONJ do;VBZR-NFNT2 [iki ʈhi-lu di ik khok-ket-taŋ writing write-concept DEF INCLN Nepali-language-COM mit- ɖik-ken him-pa] hatɕa-raŋ kurik-la NEG-harmonize-NMLZ;CONJ AUX-NMLZ;Q 1PL.INCL-self all-DAT ɕøt-tɕe jøk-ken bet. TE86 speak-SBJV EXIST-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘Because our language and Nepali language are different, we all know that also the way we write is not in harmony with the writing of Nepali language.’ The verb ɖik is an ST3 type verb and the complement clause is the absolutive marked direct object of the negated non-finite clause which is nominalized. The whole construction in square brackets is actually another complement clause of the final possessive copular clause. 18 .202 [ŋis-s-ø iki ʈhi-lu hiko-la] pʏntɕaa-s-ø 1PL.EXCL-PL1-GEN writing write-concept this-DAT brother-PL1-GEN ʈhø jøt-na ʈhii-na toŋ-ro tɕhi. TE86 plan EXIST-NFNT1 write-NFNT1 send-AID do;VBZR[IMP] ‘Brothers, if there is a plan of your own for this writing system of ours, do put it in writing and send to us.’ The complement in square brackets is the dative case marked indirect object of the non-finite possessive copular clause.

18.11.4 Complementizer -

loŋ This suffix typically marks punctiliar imperative see more in 18.2.2. However, it also nominalizes a non-final clause and the result is a complement clause. The nominalized root may be either past or nonpast. Consider the following examples. 18.203 ni u-ki doŋ-tu ajekpa tshap-tokpa tɕhi-na nam-la that-GEN in.front-LOC ajekpa be.in.hurry-NMLZ do;VBZR-NFNT1 sky-DAT mirek bar- soŋ sin-na kha-na [ aŋtam large.fire become.ignited-PST.VIS say-NFNT1 where-IN story ɕøt-loŋ ] jøp-pa? tɕhi-pa bet. TE69 speak[NPST]-PUNC EXIST.EXP-NMLZ;Q say-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘In front of him Ayekpa seemed to be in a hurry and said to him, “The whole sky is in flames, wherehow do I have a moment to tell you a story?”’ This character is the famous Ayekpa who tells stories and cheats people in trading. The matrix verb is the locational copular verb and the nominalized clause in brackets is the complement which is the subject of the final matrix clause. 18.204 olaphi- raŋ-ki taŋ-e imel di thop-tɕuŋ. Olavi-self-ERG send;VBZR-NMLZ;Q-GEN email DEF receive-PST.EXP le maŋ ʈhaa-ni [ imel ta-loŋ ] mat-juŋ. TE95 work a.lot become-NFNT2 email look.at[NPST]-PUNC NEG-come[PST] ‘I did receive the email which you Olavi sent me. Because I had so much work, there wasn’t a moment to look at the emails.’ 18.205 ni u-ki naŋ-tu tɕii sø-na ɕak-ni [sik di that-GEN inside-LOC trigger make-NFNT1 leave-NFNT2 leopard DEF u-tu naŋ-la ɕuu-loŋ mik-la ] that-LOC inside-DAT enter[PST]-PUNC moment-DAT khor-ki gottsek di thak roo- raŋ trap-GEN door DEF right.away 3SG-self t ɕhet ɖo-ken bet. TE50 snap go-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘After one has made a trigger inside the trap, the door of the trap suddenly closes by itself right at the moment the leopard enters inside.’ The underlined part is a postpositional phrase whose complement is the nominalized clause naŋla ɕuuloŋ.

18.11.5 Complementizer -le