‘Instead, on the contrary, as a matter of fact’ correction sentence relator ‘Otherwise’ sentence relator

jaŋ jaŋ laŋ=raŋ laŋ=raŋ kii-ken bet. CONTR2 CONTR2 bull=FOC bull=FOC be.born-NMLZ;CONJ AUX jaŋ jaŋ pha-la jak taŋ-na CONTR2 CONTR2 cow-DAT yak send;VBZR-NFNT1 jaŋ jaŋ dzo dzo-mu kii-ken bet jaŋ. TE32 CONTR2 CONTR2 dzo dzo-F1 be.born-NMLZ;CONJ AUX CONTR2 ‘On the one hand if someone breeds the dzo with a bovine bull, then it actually conceives a bovine bull. On the other hand if someone breeds the bovine cow with a yak, then it actually conceives a male dzo or female dzo.’ This story tells about crossbreeding bovine cows and yaks.

18.12.11 ‘Instead, on the contrary, as a matter of fact’ correction sentence relator

The counter-expectation particle ka may be used as a sentence relator which marks correction contrast between two sentences and the preceding chunk of discourse. Both sentences are marked with the CEP. The preceding assertion in the text is that the roles were reversed and this corrects it. There is more about CEP in section 10.2.2. 18 .254 raŋ ka ʈhø-soŋ. 2SG CEP escape-PST.VIS ŋa ka tshik-tɕuŋ. TE20 1SG CEP become.burned-PST.EXP ‘On the contrary you ran away. And in fact I was burned.’ This is from a fable. Princess and a young man debate about who ran away and who was burned when they both were wild goats in a previous incarnation. The speaker corrects the hearer’s wrong assumption and argument.

18.12.12 ‘Otherwise’ sentence relator

This relator ɕen relates the current sentence to preceding clause or larger syntactic unit. It gives “the possibility if certain conditions are not met” Watters 2002:349. In Lhomi this possibility is typically negative or even a warning. The relator occurs at the beginning of a clause or a sentence. The following examples illustrate this. The English equivalents are: ‘otherwise’, ‘under the circumstances’, ‘in this respect’, ‘in that case’. 18.255 t ɕhaa ne-ni tøntok dʑe-ken bet. manure obtain-NFNT2 harvest become.abundant-NMLZ;CONJ AUX u- ni hassøt luŋpa-la tuwa noŋ-ken bet. that-ABL VIP area-DAT food receive-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ɕen hatɕa-raŋ-ki luŋpa-la tɕhaa mat-ne-pa-la otherwise 1PL.INCL-self-GEN area-DAT manure NEG-obtain-NMLZ;Q-DAT tøntok juŋ-kuk=ka bak ni? TE46 harvest come-PROG;VIS=Q CFP DM ‘After obtaining manure we will have abundant harvest. It is then that we will have food in our area. Does it in our area truly produce harvest under the circumstances when we have not obtained any manure?’ Speaker is arguing that fields need sheep dung. The problem is that it does not come free. Those who need to be given food and beer are the sheep shepherds who with their flocks pass across the village twice a year on their way to higher pastures. The finite question clause also has a counterfactual particle which anticipates a negative answer. 18.256 ma di khit- raŋ pʏn ta bet de ek. CONTR1 DEF 2PL-self brother EMPHP COP SCP INCLN kurik ɖas-si duk. all be.alike-INTNS EXIST.VIS ɕen tɕik-ki men-na ak otherwise one-ERG NEG.COP-NFNT1 INCLN t ɕik-ki ta tɕhip-pet ka wa ni. TE47 one-ERG EMPHP do;VBZR-INCH CEP MIR DM ‘For sure you are truly brothers. You are all alike. Otherwise if one wasn’t, he would actually do it.’ Speaker is reprimanding his own uncles in this written text. They have not been looking after their own mother.

18.12.13 ‘Tail-head’ sentence relator