Serial chaining and imperative finite verb Negation with shared subject

18.10.6 Serial chaining and imperative finite verb

When the final verb is an agentive verb which requires dative or locative case marked indirect object, the medial verb is typically marked with dative case marker -la. The following two examples illustrate this. 18.183 jari-ki lha- kaŋ-ki tɕaari-tu tøl-la ɕok some-ERG god-house-GEN yard-LOC reveal-DAT put.leave[IMP] sin-na ket d ʑap-a bet. TE31 say-NFNT1 voice VBZR-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘Some shouted saying, “Take it from hiding and place it openly at the yard of the village temple”’ The idea is that the thief might save face if he brings the stolen item secretly to the temple yard. No one would know who the thief was. 18.184 ɕi-la dʑuk. die-DAT go[IMP] ‘Go to death’ Or: ‘I wish you die.’ Or: ‘Die’ This is an evil wish which speaker utters to his enemy.

18.10.7 Negation with shared subject

In perfective and benefactive chains the negative covers both medial and final clauses. It makes no difference which one is negated. The same is true with some lexicalized chains like lok-na juŋ ‘returning come’, luk- na ɕok ‘to put and keep’ in which the medial and final verbs are also lexically related. Watters reports the same in Kham Watters 2002:327. If the verbs come from different sets of transitivity it is likely that the negation of the final verb does not cover the medial clause. Medial and final verbs are underlined and serial chaining clauses are in square brackets in the following examples. 18 .185 tiŋ-laa tuwa [ nuk tɕhi-na after-ADVZR food this.way do;VBZR-NFNT1 lok-na mat- juŋ-a-la ] khanʈa khanʈa ak return-NFNT1 NEG-come-NMLZ;Q-DAT what what INCLN mit- juŋ-et tɕhi-pa bet. TE45 NEG-come-INCH say-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘Since the food did not come back just like that, she said, “Nothing comes back.”’ The person had understood the figure of speech literally. She expected the food to come back to her because she had thrown it away with a sling as her sister had advised her. CL manner CL-na NEG-NPfinal CL 18.186 nuk t ɕhi-pa ɕøt-tɕe mip-pa [ lok-na ak that.way do;VBZR-NMLZ;Q speak-SBJV NEG.EXIST-NMLZ;Q return-NFNT1 INCLN mit- juŋ-ken bet.] TE30 NEG-come-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘Sheep are ignorant and confused that way and therefore they do not returning come back either.’ Structurally this looks like a concessive relation but it is not. Negation covers both medial and final clause. Suffix -na marks the same-subject serial chaining here.

18.11 Complement clauses