Elaboration, paraphrase, amplification, exemplification, and frustration

18.270 tshan siraa tok-tu d ʑap-na more hail large-COMP1 VBZR-NFNT1 tshan riki-la t ɕøn toŋ-ken bet. more potatoe-DAT damage send;VBZR-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘The larger the hailstones are the more they damage the potatoes.’

18.14 Elaboration, paraphrase, amplification, exemplification, and frustration

Paraphrasing a NP within a clause 1. 18 .271 [ŋa khim-la] [ ama papa tɕaa-la] lok-na juŋ-en. 1SG home-DAT mother father at-DAT return-NFNT1 come-1PST ‘I returned home to my parents.’ The paraphrased NP is the locative argument of the verb. The NPs are juxtaposed and the case marking is in both. The latter NP does not really elaborate but is an equivalent of the first one. Negated higher gradient paraphrase 2. 18.272 hi-ko tsha-t ɕetmu mem-pa ʈhonok bet. this-head feel.hot-ADJVZR NEG-NMLZ;Q warm COP ‘This is not hot but just warm.’ 18.273 roo ʈhaŋpu bet. 3SG honest COP ni hin-na ak nantak-ki ʈhaŋ-ɕo=raŋ mip-pa bet. COP-NFNT1 INCLN very-GEN honest-SUP=FOC NEG.EXIST-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘He is an honest man. But he is not all that honest.’ Or: ‘...not very honest.’ Generic–specific paraphrase: 3. 18.274 roo-ki topt ɕe dʑap-tuk. 3SG-ERG cooking VBZR-PRF.VIS ni tuwa-la ʈe tsø-tuk. food-DAT rice cook-PRF.VIS ‘He has done the cooking. For food he has cooked rice.’ The word tuwa typically refers to cooked millet but also to cooked rice. Amplification paraphrase 4. 18.275 roo-ki lu lin- soŋ. 3SG-ERG song sing-PST.VIS lu nampa ŋii lin-soŋ. song type two sing-PST.VIS ‘He sang. He sang two different songs.’ The second occurrence of the verb sentence adds some more information; therefore, this could be called also generic–specific or recapitulation see Longacre 2007:382 Contraction paraphrase 5. 18.276 aku ʈhet=tu mit-ɖo. ma di=raŋ mit-ɖo. uncle meet=PURP NEG-go[NPST] CONTR1 DEF=FOC NEG-go[NPST] ‘I will not go to see uncle. No way I go.’ Exemplification using alternatives 6. 18.277 tshøna mappu hin kappu hin nakpu hin color red COP white COP black COP khan ʈa tɕhuŋ-na ak ɖik-pet. what become-NFNT1 INCLN fit-INCH ‘Whether it becomes red or white or black, any color will do.’ Speaker is replying to someone’s question about what color to use in coloring a piece of cloth. Exemplification using an example 7. 18.278 u-ko ga-t ɕe mip-pa him-pa that-head be.good-ADJVZR NEG.EXIST-NMLZ;Q COP-NMLZ;Q ɕii-kin ɕii-kin khanʈa-la no-ken? know-NMLZ know-NMLZ what-DAT buy-NMLZ;CONJ.Q u-ki mite thoŋ-moŋ=a na? that-GEN example see-NEG.PST.EXP=Q RSPNS ‘While knowing that it is no good, why do you buy it? Haven’t you seen any examples?’ Father is rebuking his son who has purchased a thing which is no good. Example refers to others who have purchased the same item. Exemplification using an illustration: 8. 18.279 jappu jampu-tu tshøtm-e ʈhaŋ khanʈa ak at.summer Kathmandu-LOC vegetable-GEN anything what INCLN mit- juŋ-et. hi-ki pi raŋ-la ɕet joŋ. NEG-come-INCH this-GEN illustration 2SG-DAT tell intend ‘No vegetable grows in Kathmandu at summer. I tell you an illustration of it.’ Then speaker goes on telling his illustration how he tried. Frustrated cause 9. 18.280 u- ko nuk=raŋ sa-ma sa=tu juŋ-a hin-ʈo. that-head this.way=FOC eat-F2 eat=PURP come-NMLZ;Q AUX-PROB ni hanten mat- noŋ-soŋ. today NEG-receive-PST.VIS ‘Probably he came to eat a free meal. Today he did not get one.’ Speaker is referring to a third person. Frustrated attribution 10. 18 .281 ŋ-e dak-ʏ aku passaŋ u-ko 1SG-GEN friend-ERG uncle passang that-head iki khe-si duk si-kuk. mem-pet u-ko. writing skill-INTSN EXIST.VIS say-PROG;VIS NEG-COP that-head u-ki ma di iki di=raŋ mit-ɕii-pet. that-ERG CONTR1 DEF writing DEF=FOC NEG-know-INCH ‘My friend says: “Uncle Passang is a good reader.” No, he isn’t. In fact he cannot read and write at all.’ Frustrated obligation 11. 18 .282 daŋ ŋa daku tɕaa-la ɖo go-køt. yesterday 1SG friend to-DAT go have.to-PROG;EXP n ɖo tshuu-moŋ. go be.able-NEG.PST.EXP ‘Yesterday I had a need to go to my friend. However I wasn’t able to go.’ Frustrated facility 12. 18 .283 daŋ ŋa daku tɕaa-la phin-na ɖo tshuu-køt. yesterday 1SG friend to-DAT go.come[PST]-NFNT1 go be.able-PROG;EXP ni hin-na ak mat-phin. COP-NFNT1 INCLN NEG-go[PST] ‘Yesterday I would have been able to go to my friend. Yet I didn’t go.’ Note again how the tense is marked. In the first sentence it is the time adverb that fixes the point of time. The finite verb is nonpast. Any other suffixation would make it a real event implying that he actually went. However this is irrealis. In the latter sentence the finite verb is marked for past tense which is carried backwards. 19 Discourse

19.1 Developmental marker ni