Adverbs that modify a NP or a whole clause Reversed conditional and emphatic adverbs

9.26 ni u-ko tshikaŋ u-ntuk di=raŋ that-head regularly that-ADVZR DEF=FOC jeŋ go-ken bet. TE30 search have.to-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘Shepherd has to look for that sheep time and again in exactly the same way.’ The habitual aspect of this clause is communicated by the aspectual adverb tshikaŋ. 9 .27 ŋa-la tsham tsham le maŋ ʈhaa-ni 1SG-DAT occasionally work large.amount become-NFNT1 khaa-si tshor-kuk. become.tired-INTNS view-PROG;VIS ‘Occasionally there is too much work for me and then it all looks very difficult.’ 9.28 khit- raŋ dʑʏntu sim ga-wa tɕhi-tɕit. 2PL-self always mind be.happy-NMLZ;Q do;VBZR-IMP2 ‘Be happy in your heart all the time’

9.3 Adverbs that modify a NP or a whole clause

A sub-class of adverbs modify a NP which is a location. The preceding NP gets the appropriate suffixes typically dative. Unlike postpositions these adverbs cannot function as the grammatical head of a NP. The last one on the list, mentaa, modifies a preceding NP or a manner or conditional clause. The finite clause which follows is always negated. Table 9.8. Adverbs that modify a NP or clause te ‘up to, till, all the way to’ NP-DAT + te sak ‘up to’ NP-DAT + sak mentaa ‘unless, until’ NP-DAT + mentaa, or non- final manner CL + mentaa 9 .29 ŋ-e papa jampu-la te lit-tuk. 1SG-GEN father Kathmandu-DAT till arrive-PRF.VIS ‘My father has come all the way to Kathmandu.’ Or: ‘…as far as to…’ The difference between this adverb te and the postposition thuk is that the latter, being the grammatical head of a NP, takes the case markings. 9.30 ha dawa ŋii-pa-la mentaa mit-ki-ken bet. TE9 now month two-ORD-DAT until NEG-grow-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘It does not grow until in the second month.’ Or: ‘It will only grow in the second month.’ The adverb modifies the preceding NP. The main clause that follows this adverb is always negated. 9.31 u-ntuk t ɕhi-na mentaa luk so mit-tshuu-ken bet. TE30 that-ADVZR do;VBZR-NFNT1 unless sheep raise NEG-be.able-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘Unless one does that way, one is not able to raise the sheep.’ For more about mentaa see section 10.2.2 and examples 10.34 and 10.35.

9.4 Reversed conditional and emphatic adverbs

I just mention a couple of adverbs here. One marks reversed conditional and the other, emphatic adverbs, modify the following verb. There is more about ɕen and tɕhuwak in section 18.12 on sentence relators. Table 9.9. Reversed conditional and emphatic adverbs ɕen ‘reversed conditional marker: otherwise, lest’ t ɕhuwak ‘only, merely’ ɕiitaa ‘exclusive only’ The following examples illustrate these adverbs. 9.32 u-ni hassøt luŋpa-la tuwa noŋ-ken bet. that-ABL VIP area-DAT food get-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ɕen hatɕa-raŋ-ki luŋpa-la tɕhaa mat-ne-pa-la otherwise 1PL.INCL-self-GEN area-DAT manure NEG-obtain-NMLZ;Q-DAT tøntok juŋ-kuk=ka bak ni. TE46 harvest come-PROG;VIS=Q CFP DM ‘It is only then that our area gets food. Or did you think contrary to fact that we would reap a harvest without using manure in our fields?’ 9.33 tuwa ɕiitaa bin. cooked.rice only give IMP ‘Give me only cooked rice’ This entails that there is no gravy or meat with cooked rice or millet. The adverb modifies the following verb. 9.34 ni jari t ɕhoko thaŋ phumu roo-raŋ-so ɕiitaa some man and woman 3SG-self-PL1 only dzom-na hi-ntuk- raŋ døk-ken juŋ-ken bet TE65 get.together-NFNT1 this-ADVZR=FOC live-NMLZ;CONJ come-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘Some men and women on their own join and start living together.’ This is from a story telling various marriage customs of Lhomis. Two young persons fall in love and they get together without anybodys help, not even parents are involved. The adverb ɕiitaa modifies the following verb.

9.5 Epistemic adverbs