Postpositions with genitive complements

6.35 hunto aku- raŋ mennak-ki liŋ-la jøk-ken bek=o. TE51 now uncle-self darkness-GEN totality-DAT EXIST-NMLZ;CONJ AUX=NEW.INF ‘I inform you, uncle, that now you are in complete darkness.’ Lama is addressing the soul of a dead man in post mortem rites. 6.36 ni u-na aku nit ɕa-raŋ thaŋpuwa dʑaapuwa jøʈ-ʈo. that-IN uncle 2SG[HON]-self healthy strong EXIST-PROB ‘Perhapshopefully you, uncle, are in good health.’ The writer of a letter hopes that the recipient is in good health. 6.37 ha na aku d ʑentser-raŋ en-ɕuk-la loŋ-let. now RSPNS uncle d ʑendzen-self first-end-DAT rise.up-SCI ‘Now, uncle Jyendzen, rise up first’ This is a polite command addressed to a group of men and therefore the name must be used. 6.38 ha mimi-laa tø tø khan ʈa now respected lama-VOC[HON] look[IMP] look[IMP] what puu-t ɕe mip-pa TE42 offer-SBJV NEG.EXIST-NMLZ;Q ‘Respected lama, look I have nothing to offer you’ This is a proper honorific vocative marker which is attached to kinship terms and titles. 7 Postpositions and postpositional phrases In Lhomi the complement of a postposition P is either a noun, a NP, a pronoun, or a nominalized clause NP. It is the postposition or the following article which gets the case marking. Lhomi also has honorific postpositions. Table 7.1 lists some of them. There are three types of complements: those marked in genitive case, those in absolutive case, and those in comitative case. It is the first type which is the most common. Typically a postpositional phrase PP fills the IO argument in a Lhomi clause. The following formula describes the possible components of a PP: N ADJ QUANTNUM DEFINDF-GEN P -CASE DEF -CASE

7.1 Postpositions with genitive complements

This is the most common postpositional phrase type in Lhomi. Table 7.1. Postpositions with genitive marked complements and case markings Complement Postposition CASE Gloss N,NP,-GEN naŋ-la, -na, -ni, -tu ‘inside, in’ N,NP,-GEN doŋ-la, -ni, -tu ‘in front of’ N,NP,-GEN ʈhuŋ [HON]-la, -tu, -ni ‘in front of’ N,NP,-GEN kʏntʏl[HON]-la, kʏntʏn-tu ‘in presence of, at’ N,NP,-GEN thok-la, -tu, -ni ‘on top of’ N,NP,-GEN hok-la, -na, -tu, -ni ‘under, underneath’ N,NP,-GEN tɕhi-la, -tu, -ni ‘outside of’ N,NP,-GEN loo-la, -tu, -na, -ni ‘right beside, right at’ N,NP,-GEN tiŋ-la, -ni ‘behind’ N,NP,-GEN el-la, ‘ahead of’ N,NP,-GEN tshik-la, -na, -tu, -ni ‘among, amidst’ N,NP,-GEN khuŋ-la, -tu, -na, -ni ‘among, in between’ N,NP,-GEN ar-la, -tu, ‘in between’ N,NP,-GEN artak-la, -tu, ‘in between’ N,NP,-GEN ʈhik-la, -ki ‘about, concerning’ N,NP,-GEN thøl-la, thøn- tu, thøŋ-ki ‘for sake of, about’ N,NP,-GEN ŋoo-la, -tu, -ki ‘during the life time of’ N,NP,-GEN kap-la, -ni, -ki ‘during the time period of’ N,NP,-GEN jaŋ-la, -ni, -ki ‘at the time of’ N,NP,-GEN saa-la, ‘at the season of, at the time of’ N,NP,-GEN lam-ni ‘by means of, through’ N,NP,-GEN ɕattsa-la, -tu ‘near, beside’ N,NP,-GEN ɕam-la, -tu, -ni, -ki ‘at the bottom of’ N,NP -GEN ŋøn-tu, ŋøl-la ‘in the midst of, among’ The following examples illustrate this type of PPs. 7 .1 ŋ-e toto khim-ki naŋ-la ɕuu-soŋ. 1SG-GEN elder.brother house-GEN inside-DAT enter-PST.VIS ‘My brother entered inside the house.’ 7.2 khan ʈ-e ʈhik-la tamɕu lap-køp=pa? what-GEN about-DAT talking talk-PROG;EXP=Q ‘What are you talking about?’ 7 .3 thoŋpa khim-ki hok-na jøk-ken bet. plough house-GEN under-IN EXIST-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘The plough is underneath the house.’ 7 .4 khoŋ-ki ŋoo-la ŋit-la kip-aa tɕhuŋ. 3SG[HON]-GEN face-DAT 1PL.EXCL-DAT happiness-COMP2 become[PST] ‘During his life timetenure we became very happy.’ This is said about the time of a good official or a king. 7.5 riki ok-p-e saa-la ʈho-pu lit-tɕuŋ. potatoe dig-NMLZ;Q-GEN time-DAT bond.friend-M1 arrive-PST.EXP ‘The bond friend arrived at the time of digging potatoes.’ Nominalized clause is the complement here.

7.2 Postpositions with absolutive complements