Manner adverbs modifying the following verb

NEG- ADJ -GEN NPRON QUANT DET CASE 2. The adjective is the complement of a noun or a pronoun when it precedes the head. ADJ V 3. Here the adjective is a predicate adjective. 9 Adverbs Givón states that “of the four major word-classes, adverb is the least homogenous, semantically, morphologically and syntactically” 2001:87.

9.1 Adverbs of manner

Table 9.1 lists some common adverbs of manner in Lhomi. Table 9.1. Adverbs of manner hi-ntuk ‘in this way, this way, this manner’ u-ntuk ‘in that way, that way, that manner’ nuk=raŋ ‘without reason, just like that’ hi-ntukma ‘this kind of, this type of’ u-ntukma ‘that kind of, that type of’ kha-ntukma ‘what kind, what manner’ kha-ntuk t ɕhi-pa ‘what kind of, what manner’ lhø ‘easily, slowly’ khal ʏlakhalula ‘slowly, cautiously’ Typically the manner adverbs modify verbs ibid., 88. Lhomi does not have all that many manner adverbs. When the derivational manner suffix -ntuk ADVZR is attached to proximal and distal demonstaratives we get two adverbs of manner: hi-ntuk and u-ntuk. These two adverbs collocate only with four kinds of verbs: 1 copula hin ‘to be’, 2 t ɕhuŋ ‘to become, to happen’, 3 sir ‘to say’, and 4 tɕhi ‘to do;VBZR’.

9.1.1 Manner adverbs modifying the following verb

Manner adverbs may modify the verb that follows. Consider the following examples. 9 .1 khoŋ-tso kha-ntukma bek=ka? 3SG[HON]-group what-ADVZR COP=Q ‘What kind of a man is he?’ Or: ‘What manner of a man is he?’ This is a question; the manner adverb modifies the equative copular verb. 9.2 u-ki luk di-ki phir-so ŋ nø-pa tɕhar-ni that-GEN sheep DEF-ERG jump-PST.VIS think-NMLZ;Q arise-NFNT2 u- ki tiŋ-la nuk=raŋ phir ɖo-ken bet that-GEN after-DAT like.that=FOC jump go-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ma di=raŋ. TE30 CONTR1 DEF=FOC ‘It figures that the other sheep jumped, therefore it follows it, jumping without thinking.’ Lit. ‘jumps just like that’ This is from a story that tells about raising sheep. Sheep are so stupid that they follow the one which goes ahead and jumps into a ravine. 9.3 u-ni hi-ntuk t ɕhuŋ-a bet. that-ABL this-ADVZR happen-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘Then it happened in this way.’ 9.4 hi-ni t ɕhøtnø di-ki neppa di-ki lakpa-ni suŋ-na this-ABL rel.practitioner DEF-ERG sick.man DEF-GEN hand-ABL take.hold-NFNT1 hi-ntuk sin- na ŋøɕ-ɕi ɕøk-ken bet. TE49 this-ADVZR say-NFNT1 truly-know speak-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘Then the religious healer takes hold of the sick man’s hand and foretells, saying in this way.’ Speaker is describing how a village healer treats his patient. The underlined word is a typical manner adverb that has cataphoric reference to a quotation which follows. 9.5 u-ntuk hin-na that-ADVZR COP.EXP-NFNT1 raŋ tɕhøttsen khajet khur-la dʑuk. TE18 2SG rel.things plural carry-DAT go[IMP] ‘If it is that way, take all religious things with you and get out’ Or: ‘In that case...’ The manner adverb modifies the equative copular verb. 9.6 hi- ni tiŋ-laa khalʏla roo-raŋ ʈhak ɖo-ken bet. TE49 this-ABL after-ADVZR slowly 3SG-self be.healed go-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘Then afterwards he himself slowly becomes healed.’

9.1.2 Expressive manner adverbs