Complementizer -pa with PCU matrix verbs

na. The second NP is the object of the same final clause dit-na. Another NP is juxtaposed to the second one but it is not a complementation.

18.11.9 Complementizer -pa with PCU matrix verbs

Givón talks about PCU verbs 2001:309. They are perception, cognition, and utterance verbs, e.g. ‘to see, to understand, to hear, to say’. The following examples illustrate how the complement clauses combine with the PCU matrix verbs in Lhomi. 18.223 ni tam ʈhii-ni ni kurik sitijo-so nispektor-so kurik pempu language enquire-NFNT2 DM all CDO-PL1 inspector-PL1 all official t ɕhi-jaa tɕhi-jaa-ki doŋ-tu hassøt kurik-la tam ɕøt=tu high-COMP2 high-COMP2-GEN in.front-LOC VIP all-DAT speech speak=PURP ts ʏt-ni u-ki dzimpa di-la tam ɕøt=tu tsʏt-ni ni cause-NFNT2 that-GEN Dzimpa DEF-DAT speech speak=PURP cause-NFNT2 DM ni ni pempu t ɕhi-jaa di-p-e [ u-ki dzimpa di-la DM official high-COMP2 DEF-HUM1-ERG that-GEN Dzimpa DEF-DAT nantak-ki nak mip- pa ] thoŋ-a bet. TE31 major-GEN crime NEG.EXIST-NMLZ;Q see-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘After the high officials and the police inspector had interrogated Jimpa in the presence of them all, they saw Jimpa having no major crime.’ The matrix verb is T1 type. The complement clause in square brackets is the direct object argument of the matrix verb ‘to see’. 18.224 u-ni ajekpa gir-kil-la phin-ni j aŋ sane that-ABL ajekpa wander-NMLZ-DAT go.come[PST]-NFNT2 CONTR2 place t ɕik-tu mi tɕik mø møp-pa-taŋ ʈhep-pa bet. INDF-LOC man INDF ploughing plough-NMLZ;Q-COM meet-NMLZ;Q AUX ni u-la gantikma te-ni [u-ki kaŋpa-la dzutta mat-khøm-pa] that-DAT closely look.at-NFNT2 that-ERG foot-DAT shoes NEG-wear-NMLZ;Q thoŋ-a bet. TE67 see-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘While Ayekpa was wandering around, he actually met a man who was ploughing. After he had looked at the man very closely, Ayekpa saw him not wearing shoes.’ In this example the underlined clause is nominalized and embedded into the matrix clause as its absolutive marked object argument. 18.225 [khit- raŋ-ki ŋit ʈhek-kin thep-pa tɕhi-kuk. 2PL-FOC-ERG 1PL meet-NMLZ like.to-NMLZ;Q do;VBZR-PROG;VIS sir-a ] ha khoo-t ɕuŋ. say-NMLZ;Q aud.impact hear-PST.EXP We heard someone saying that you would like to see us.’ This is indirect speech and sir-a is the complementizer. 2PL pronoun indicates that it is the observation of the reporter, not a direct quotation of the recipients of the letter. Someone who has witnessed that the recipients of this letter would like to meet with the writer has reported to the writer what he has witnessed. 18.226 hunto aku- raŋ mennak-ki liŋ-la jøk-ken bek=o. now uncle-self darkness-GEN totality-DAT EXIST-NMLZ;CONJ AUX=NEW.INF [ ɕi-ja him-pa na sø-pa him-pa] die-NMLZ;Q COP-NMLZ;Q or survive-NMLZ;Q COP-NMLZ;Q ha mit-khoo-ken bek=o. aud.impact NEG-undestand-NMLZ;CONJ AUX=NEW.INF aku- raŋ hariŋ-ni tɕhi-pa di lʏ thaŋ sim uncle-self today-ABL do;VBZR-NMLZ;Q DEF body and mind jaa ʈhe tshar-a bek=o. TE51 apart be.separated[PST] fall.off-NMLZ;Q AUX=NEW.INF ‘I inform you uncle now that you are in the darkness. You do not understand whether you are the one who has died or the one who has survived. Uncle, I inform you, from today onwards your body and mind have become totally separated.’ This example comes from a speech of a lama who performs post mortem rituals. He addresses the dead person. Two coordinate underlined clauses have been nominalized and the matrix verb is ‘to understand, to realize’. The object nominalization has produced a NP which is embedded as an object of the matrix verb. The complement clause is in square brackets.

18.11.10 Complementizer -pa with the matrix verb nø