Predicate nominals and predicate adjectives with equative copula Predicate adjectives with existential copulas Predicate nominals with other verb types Predicate adjectives and modifying adverbs with other verb types

13.94 aku d ʑentsel-la [enɕuk-la puu-let.] TE4 uncle d ʑentsen-DAT first-DAT offer-SCI ‘Serve uncle Jyentsen first’ Speaker gives an order to one of the servants in the party of his house dedication. 13.95 sa nakpu [mat-tøn-t ɕit] soil black NEG-turn.around-IMP2 ‘Do not do any fieldwork’ Lit.: ‘Do not turn around any black soil’ The village leader is giving his instructions to all villagers for a religious holiday. He shouts it with a loud voice from his own yard. It is a reminder since most people know that on such a day no fieldwork is allowed. 13 .96 duŋ tɕhi-jaa hi-ko [ʈhʏt-toŋ.] TE4 wooden.plank big-COMP2 this-head drag[PST]-1PL.HORT ‘Let us drag this bigger plank’ Speaker tells this to all workmen who are building a house. Large planks are dragged along the ground by several men. 13 .97 ŋ-e aliŋ [taa-ki.] 1SG-ERG corn grind[PST]-1SG.HORT ‘Let me grind some corn’

13.8 Verb phrase and its complements

This section covers the kinds of complements that are part of the verbal phrase, namely predicate nominals, predicate adjectivals, and adverbs that modify the verb. Section 18.11 on complement clause will include clause and sentence complements. The VP is in square brackets in the following examples.

13.8.1 Predicate nominals and predicate adjectives with equative copula

Predicate nominal 13.98 aku lhakpa [pempu bet.] from 15.42 uncle Lhakpa headman COP ‘Uncle Lhakpa is the headman.’ Predicate nominal with copula may be a nominalized clause or a relative clause. 13 .99 ŋa [na-ken hiŋ-køppet.] from 16.11 1SG get.sick-NMLZ;CONJ COP.EXP-INFER ‘I think I am [one who is sick].’ Or: ‘I feel [one who is sick].’ Headless relative clause na-ken is the predicate nominal in this one. Predicate adjective 13 .100 ŋa [khe-si hin.] from 14.44 1SG skill-INTNS COP.EXP ‘I am very smartskilled.’

13.8.2 Predicate adjectives with existential copulas

13 .101 ŋa [thaŋpuwa jøt.] from 13.36 1SG healthy EXIST.EXP ‘I am well.’ Or: ‘I am healthy.’ This is a predicate adjective. Existentials in Lhomi may be used also in equative clauses like this one. 13.102 jampu-la honta [t ɕhaa-si duk. ] TE97 Kathmandu-DAT now be.cold-INTNS EXIST.VIS ‘It is now very cold in Kathmandu.’

13.8.3 Predicate nominals with other verb types

13.103 roo-la tøntok [lo le- soŋ.] 3SG-DAT harvest will become.left-EXP.VIS ‘He had a good harvest.’ In this illustration the verb le without the nominal complement is a non-agentive verb of ST1 type.

13.8.4 Predicate adjectives and modifying adverbs with other verb types

13.104 roo-so [t ɕaŋ-si tɕhi-na] ʈap-soŋ. 3SG-PL1 alertness-INTNS do;VBZR-NFNT1 go.away-PST.VIS ‘They acted vigilantly and went away.’ Or: ‘Acting vigilantly they left.’ There is a predicate adjective within the medial clause in brackets. Predicate adjective 13.105 u-ki iki [tshok-pøtma ʈhi-ken bet.] that-ERG letter moment-ADJVZ write-NMLZ;CONJ AUX ‘He writes the charactersletters very close to each other.’ Adverb modifying the verb 13.106 gottsa di [ tham t ɕet taŋ-a bet.] door DEF tightly close IMMED-NMLZ;Q AUX ‘He closed the door tightly.’ Summary of section 13.8 • With equative copular verb hinbet predicate nominals and predicate adjectives occur but rarely modifying adverbs. • With existential, locational, and descriptive copular verbs jøt and duk, typically predicate adjectives occur. • With other verb types predicate adjectives and modifying adverbs occur but rarely predicate nominals. The obvious reason is that NPs typically are clause level verbal arguments.

13.9 Tense